Analysis of Dostoevsky´s Crime and Punishment Essay example

In Dostoevskys Crime and Punishment, the murder of the pawnbroker bears little significance when compared to the punishment that Raskolnikov endures. The murder is the direct result of Raskolnikovs Ubermensch theory. Though it takes a while for Raskolnikov to realize the profound mistake in his theory and in his logic, his tedious yet prolific journey eventually leads him to redemption. Suffering, guilt and societal alienation prompt Raskolnikov to reject his Ubermensch theory and ultimately achieve redemption. Through Raskolnikovs character, Dostoevsky reveals that the psychological punishment inflicted by an unethical action is more effective in leading to self-realization than any physical punishment. Raskolnikovs internal†¦show more content†¦Therefore Amoia notes that, as the implications of the deed unfold in his conscience, Raskolnikov attempts to jusitfy his actions as a rational crime (53). Though he understands that he will be able to escape the physical punishement for the crime, he has yet to comprehend the burden that comes with such an unethical action. Even when Porfiry suggests that the criminal who murdered the pawnbroker may run away but, psychologically he wont escape (287), Raskolnikov becomes infuriated and accuses Porfiry of trying to scare him. However, Raskolnikov fails to understand the meaning behind Porfirys words perhaps because he still chooses not to rely on his conscience and confess to the crime.While the superiority complex sets him apart from the society in the beginning, his piercing conscience distances him from people later on in the novel. He refuses to speak to Razumuikhin or to his family. It only before he goes to jail, that he decide s to see his mother. Even when he does so, he is relieved that Dunya is not in the room. He later admits to Dunya that he doesnt, even remember why [I] even went to meet his mother. His conscience does not allow him to face his loved ones and eventually, he tries to isolate himself from society. While Raskolnikov tries to alienate himself from his own conscience, he is alienating himself from humanity in general. Raskolnikovs suffering due to guilt causes him to reject hisShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Fyodor Dostoevsky s Crime And Punishment1368 Words   |  6 PagesAlexander the Seconds rule. The reforms impacted not only the culture of the time, but also the writing of many authors. Fyodor Dostoevsky was one of those authors. His book Crime and Punishment describes how life was like in the lower classes. The culture of Russia during the years 1855 to 1881 was shaped by its tsarist autocracy while the literature of Fyodor Dostoevsky evinces its cultural connection. Alex II established type of government was a monarchy. In a monarchy, which is headed by a tsarRead MoreLife Is Like A Beach And Its Sand1314 Words   |  6 Pagesthroughout history and will continue to do so until our race is extinct. The passages above show two translations of the same verse.They are from the story of Cain and Abel. Speaking to Cain after he has murdered his brother, God explains Cain’s punishment. In the American Standard Version, God commands Cain to rule over sin, while in the King James Version, God promises Cain that he will surely triumph over sin. These are two very different quotes from the same verse. To look further into this, oneRead MoreThe Ethics Of Care : An Argument Against Mill s Utilitarianism922 Words   |  4 PagesIn Support of Held’s Ethics of Care: An Argument Against Mill’s Utilitarianism in Crime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoevsky This ethics study will define the problem of utilitarianism in the â€Å"ethics of care proposed by Virginia Held (2006) within the literary context of Crime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoevsky. Held (2006) defines the problem of utilitarian ethics as an abstraction of emotions in moral issues, which alienates the individual in the care process. This method denies the premiseRead MoreThe End Of The Stranger By Albert Camus1859 Words   |  8 Pagesmy execution and that they greet me with cries of hate. (123). It is here that Meursault proposes a new look at the relationship between internal suffering and the external manifestation of that suffering: hateful spectators. Similarly, in Crime and Punishment, Marmeladov and Katerina have their individual miseries highlighted through both personal strife and, inevitable, their public deaths. Despite the different circumstances of their deaths, both seem to suggest that the crowd of disgusted spectatorsRead More Analysis of Dostoevsky a nd Nietzsches Literature Essay5384 Words   |  22 PagesAnalysis of Dostoevsky and Nietzsches Literature   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Friedrich Nietzsche once said, â€Å"Dostoevsky, the only one who has taught me anything about psychology.† The two writers share many similarities and differences. Dostoevsky clearly had an effect on the thinking of Nietzsche. The two would be considered both philosophers and psychologists. Both writers became prominent in the late 19th century in Germany and Russia respectively. Dostoevsky was noted for his Russian literary classics and wouldRead More The Pathological Protagonist of Dostoevsky’s Notes from the Underground2598 Words   |  11 Pagestortured; it is no wonder that many have viewed his work as prophetic of the 20th century. However, though Dostoevsky, in his unflinching portrayal of depravity, gives the Devil some of his best arguments, the Gospel often triumphs. Ivan Karamazov is at least offered the possibility of repentance when kissed by his saintly brother Alyosha. Raskolnikov, the nihilistic antihero of Crime and Punishment, is eventually redeemed through the love of the pure prostitute Sonja. Notes from the Underground,Read More Dostoevsky was an Anti-Semite2271 Words   |  10 PagesDostoevsky was an Anti-Semite Literary anti-Semitism is as old as Western culture itself. A full listing of writers who have expressed hostility toward Jews and/or Judaism--from Shakespeare to T.S. Eliot, from Pushkin to Pasternak, etc.--would add up to a Whos Who of Western literature.1 Undoubtedly, Dostoevsky follows in this tradition. It is disparaging, however, that as the true novelist of ideas and Christian love, Dostoevsky could harbor such ill will towards the Jews. Does this notRead MoreUniversal Values : Universal Moral Principles Essay1073 Words   |  5 Pagesfactors contributed to the creation of universal and moralistic principles. Morals owe their existence to tendencies within nature. Morals did not just simply stem from right or wrong, but arose from differing traits, like loyalty. Consider the analysis of a wolf pack, in which â€Å" a pack mentality of extreme loyalty and devotion to the group binds the wolves together as a unit, despite times of scarce prey or violence† (Conger, Cristen. â€Å"What is a wolf pack mentality?†). Loyalty did not originateRead More Prohibition Essay1362 Words   |  6 Pagesineffective and caused more corruption in America with the rise of organized crime and the increase in alcohol consumption. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Prohibition had many different purposes; one was to reduce the consumption of alcohol by Americans. This was going to fail no matter what because if you are told not to do something only going to want to do it more. That is just human nature. It also focused on reducing crime, corruption, poverty, death rates, solve social problems, reduce the tax burdenRead MoreLiterature and Politics the Impact of Dostoevsky9582 Words   |  39 PagesLITERATURE AND POLITICS: THE IMPACT OF FYODOR DOSTOEVSKY Dostoevsky and the Legend of the Grand Inquisitor, by Vasily Rozanov. Translated and with an Afterword by Spencer E. Roberts. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1972. Pp. xi. 232. $12.50. Political Apocalypse. A Study of Dostoevskys Grand Inquisitor, by Ellis Sandoz. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1971, Pp. xviii. 263. $13.50.* ostoevskys great novels have spawned a vast library of critical 1/literature

The Current System Of Education - 1139 Words

Imagine a world without the abilities to feed or drink, count, or speak. Imagine a world without the knowledge of health and wellness, problem solving, or the ability to interact with one another. Education is important to know yourself and the world around us, prepares us for what the future holds, and teaches us the skills we need in order to survive. But what is an education without the right methods of teaching? Without the motivation and encouragement? Without the funds to increase help for students? I believe that the current system of education fails to prepare our children for the future. We live in a country where equality of educational opportunities is deficient, test taking defines students’ standards and replaced the†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Billions of billions of dollars. For data that is too late to use,† says Canada. The test results would unquestionably benefit students if they were at least received before that school year had started, ther efore students can determine the specific problem solving and skills they need to work on in order to be successful that year. Regular testing, being the trusted method that defines a student’s success, is also found unreliable. â€Å"Today’s schools fail, the Caines explain, because they concentrate only on memorization instead of building on the multiple and complex powers of the human brain† (Boggs, 141). Stuck in the world of biased and opinionated point of views and class topics, we forget about the world of creativity where we can expand and explore on our own thoughts, opinions, and ideas. Schools are seeking knowledge of basic ideas, including identifying main idea or what the author is trying to persuade in their text, while avoiding teaching meaningful lessons that will actually be useful and benefit students. It is up to the students to work hard on assignments and study for tests with a positive class attitude, however the teacher’s techniques applied in the classroom play a role in student’s success and improvement. â€Å"†¦Testing has become more frequent and more punitive, forcing teachers to teach to a sterile and often meaningless test, suppressing the creativity of committed teachers†

Coca Cola Manufacturing Free Essays

The Coca-Cola Company (KO) is the world’s largest beverage company, and it owns or licenses more than 500 nonalcoholic beverage brands. The company owns four of the world’s top five nonalcoholic sparkling beverage brands: Coca-Cola, Diet Coke, Fanta and Sprite. The prototype Coca-Cola recipe was formulated at the Eagle Drug and Chemical Company, a drugstore in Columbus, Georgia, by John Pemberton, originally as a coca wine called Pemberton’s French Wine Coca. We will write a custom essay sample on Coca Cola Manufacturing or any similar topic only for you Order Now He may have been inspired by the formidable success of Vin Mariani, a European coca wine. In 1886, when Atlanta and Fulton County passed prohibition legislation, Pemberton responded by developing Coca-Cola, essentially a nonalcoholic version of French Wine Coca. When launched, Coca-Cola’s two key ingredients were cocaine and caffeine. The cocaine was derived from the coca leaf and the caffeine from kola nut, leading to the name Coca-Cola (the â€Å"K† in Kola was replaced with a â€Å"C† for marketing purposes). Coca – cocaine Pemberton called for five ounces of coca leaf per gallon of syrup, a significant dose; in 1891, Candler claimed his formula (altered extensively from Pemberton’s original) contained only a tenth of this amount. Coca-Cola once contained an estimated nine milligrams of cocaine per glass. In 1903, it was removed. After 1904, instead of using fresh leaves, Coca-Cola started using â€Å"spent† leaves – the leftovers of the cocaine-extraction process with trace levels of cocaine. Coca-Cola now uses a cocaine-free coca leaf extract prepared at a Stepan Company plant in Maywood, New Jersey. In the United States, the Stepan Company is the only manufacturing plant authorized by the Federal Government to import and process the coca plant, which it obtains mainly from Peru and, to a lesser extent, Bolivia. Kola nuts – caffeine Kola nuts act as a flavoring and the source of caffeine in Coca-Cola. Kola nuts contain about 2. 0 to 3. 5% caffeine, are of bitter flavor and are commonly used in cola soft drinks. In 1911, the U. S. government initiated United States v. Forty Barrels and Twenty Kegs of Coca-Cola, hoping to force Coca-Cola to remove caffeine from its formula. The case was decided in favor of Coca-Cola. Subsequently, in 1912, the U. S. Pure Food and Drug Act was amended, adding caffeine to the list of â€Å"habit-forming† and deleterious† substances which must be listed on a product’s label. Coca-Cola contains 34 mg of caffeine per 12 fluid ounces (9. 8 mg per 100 ml). How is the most widely recognized product in the world made? How are the required quality standards met for every single unit of that product? Coca-Cola’s bottlers and canners are concerned with a range of processes involved in transforming resources into the bottles and cans of dr ink that we are familiar with. The transforming resources are the managers, employees, machinery and equipment used by The Coca-Cola Company and its franchisees. Primarily, Coca-Cola is manufactured by franchisees who are the world’s leading bottling and canning companies. This franchise business is strictly controlled by The Coca-Cola Company. The production of Coca-Cola involves two major operations: 1) Creating the packaging material 2) Bottling and canning the finished drink For many years, Coca-Cola was produced in glass bottles. Because of the high cost of distributing bulky bottles, they had to be manufactured close to where the bottling took place. Today, this is no longer so important since new packaging methods have revolutionized the process. Advanced bottling and canning technology makes Coca-Cola cans and bottles very light but extremely strong. The Company has invested a lot of time and money in research and development to ensure the most effective life cycle impact of its packaging. By using the minimum quantities of materials in packaging, the cans and plastic bottles are simple to crush or to reprocess at the end of the initial life cycle. Cans are delivered in bulk to a canning plant. At this stage the cans are shaped like an open cup ready to receive the liquid drink. They are not fully formed because the ring pull end has still to be fitted. After they have been inspected to check that there are no faults, each can goes through a rinsing machine to make sure it is clean and ready for filling. Coca-Cola consists of a concentrated beverage base and a liquid sweetener which are combined to form the syrup from which the drink is made. The Company ships the concentrate to bottling and canning plants where the franchisees mix it with sugar and local water. The water is passed through a number of filters to make sure it is absolutely pure. Carbon dioxide, which makes it fizzy, is also delivered to the canning plant where it is stored and then piped into the manufacturing process through a carbonator and cooler. The Company specifies what equipment franchisees will use to carry out these processes. Samples are taken regularly for chemical analysis, and staves make frequent spot checks to ensure that plants are maintaining the Company’s standards of cleanliness and quality. The Company provides its franchisees with the most up-to-date technology available and many of them use the latest computer technology and statistical process control methods. The packaging and the finished drink are combined by a rapid filling process. Every minute hundreds of cans pass along an automated production line and are filled with a precise amount of Coca-Cola. As the cans move along the production line, they are seamed to include the ring pull end and produce the finished can. The ends are inspected to make sure they are smooth and do not have any gaps or leaks. An individual code is stamped on the cans so that each one can be traced back to the point and time of production. A date code ensures product freshness. The manufacture of Coca-Cola is carried out by a set of processes called continuous flow production. On a production line, a process is continually repeated and identical products go through the same sequence of operations. Continuous flow production takes this one step further by using computer-controlled automatic equipment to produce goods 24 hours a day. Throughout the production process, quality control personnel monitor the product and take test samples. To guarantee that there are no errors, quality control inspectors take statistically selected samples at the end of the production line. Using chemical analysis, these inspectors can guarantee that the product meets the exact specifications; they also check that there are no faults in the packaging. A ‘fill height detector’ uses an electronic eye to ensure that the cans are filled to the right quantity. Cans that are not properly filled are rejected. The canners then prepare the cans for distribution to retailers such as supermarkets, shops and garages. A machine called a case former creates the casing that protects the cans as they are sorted onto pallets. The cans are stored temporarily in a warehouse before they are collected by large distribution trucks. The bottling process, whether in glass or PET (plastic), is very similar. Each plastic bottle starts as test-tube size and is blown up like a balloon into the final bottle shape. Whereas franchisees receive cans that already have the logo and any promotional details on them, bottlers apply the labels from large reels once the bottles have been formed. At the end of the bottling line, bottles are automatically sealed with a cap immediately after they have been filled. How to cite Coca Cola Manufacturing, Essay examples

The formal education of women artists in the United States has taken quite a long journey Example For Students

The formal education of women artists in the United States has taken quite a long journey Biography The formal education of women artists in the United States has taken quite a long journey. It wasnt until the nineteenth century that the workings of a recognized education for these women finally appeared. Two of the most famous and elite schools of art that accepted, and still accept, women pupils are the Philadelphia School of Design for Women and the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts the PAFA. Up until the early nineteenth century, women were mostly taught what is now called a fashionable education Philadelphia School of Design for Women 5. Their mothers raised them to be proper, young ladies and expert housekeepers in expectation of marriage. If these women were fortunate enough to receive some kind of formalized schooling, they were to study penmanship, limited aspects of their mother language, and very little arithmetic Philadelphia School of Design for Women 5. Unfortunately, this small degree of education was extremely constrictive to women. If they never married or were widowed at a young age, they really had no place to go. This form of womens education created generations of women that were almost entirely dependent on their husbands and male relatives. During the nineteenth century, when the feminist movement was beginning, many schools were established specifically for the education of women, such as the Philadelphia School of Design for Women, and also for the education of both. In the beginning, womens art schools mostly taught pupils practical applications of art. For example, female art students often studied drawing and lithographing, in hopes that they would be hired by industrial companies as designers. The Philadelphia School of Design for Women was one of the first all womens art schools to establish this form of education. Founded in 1844 by a woman named Sarah Peter, the Philadelphia School of Design for Women was a school like none that had come before it. Peter was a wealthy woman of stature and decided to start this school in one of the rooms of her mansion and to hire a teacher to hold regular classes for women in art and design. As a wonderful incentive for all women, tuition was free for the poor and the wealthy paid a very small sum. Sarah Peter saw how truly poor the traditional education for women was and she strongly believed that every woman should stand by her sex, thus her reasoning for establishing this soon to become famous art school. As Peter saw it, she wished to give young women some practical training,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦should so desire or the necessity arise, for well paying self support, qtd. in Philadelphia School of Design for Women 6. In addition to her personal feelings, she had a very specific reason for starting the Philadelphia schoolà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ train women to create designs for the citys industrial lines, such as textiles, lithographing, wood engraving, floor coverings, and furniture. From this point on, Peter devoted the rest of her life to overseeing the School and also traveled around the U. S. o establish art schools, like the Philadelphia, in other cities Philadelphia School of Design for Women 6-11. The Philadelphia School of Design for Women originally had three departments from which young women could take classes: drawing, industrial, and wood engravings/lithography. The majority of the women were instructed within the drawing department, in which pupils made copies of original compositions and applied coloring and shading. From here on, depending on the instructor, they would progress toward drawings from casts and life Philadelphia School of Design for Women 23-24. The industrial department showed the women applications of drawing, shading, and coloring to the art of design. Surprisingly, these designs and patterns created by the women of the Philadelphia School were secured under copyright law for some time Philadelphia School of Design for Women 24. In the third department, lithography/wood engraving, women were taught drawing on stone and carving in wood. During the first years of the school, the actual printing was done on school grounds. However, in later years, most printing was done outside the school by contract. An Education In Liberal Arts EssayThe Academys primary instruction when it was first incorporated was the study of casts of classical statues in the Louvre Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. It continued educating its students in a classical manner and drawing from the live nude model was introduced around 1812, followed in succeeding decades by figure modeling and portrait classes. One of the most famous aspects of the Academys drawing and sculpture program began in the 1880s, by the hands of a man named Thomas Eakins McKinney 16. A new kind of study was introduced to help the pupils with their instructionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ anatomy. The Academy was very well known for is anatomy program, which had pupils dissecting cadavers and animals in order to gain a truly comprehensive knowledge of life from which to draw and sculpt from McKinney 16. A most interesting fact surrounding the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts concerns the start of drawing from life, from the nude. During its beginnings, there was significant controversy surrounding the allowance of nudes for life drawing at the Academy, especially for women. Male models were allowed to pose completely nude for mens drawing classes but had to wear a loincloth when posing for womens classes. And the women who stood for life drawing classes were always made to wear a mask over their faces, so as to sustain morality. Thomas Eakins, who was a student at the Academy and later a teacher and director completely ignored this fact. A Philadelphia newspaper from 1886 once said that, Mr. Eakins has for a long time entertained and strongly inculcated the most advanced viewsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦teaching large classes of women as well as men, he holds that, both as to the living model in the drawing room and the dead subject in the anatomical lecture and dissecting room, Art knows no sex, Porter 23. Eakins taught many life drawing classes for both women and men, often receiving much criticism from the public. He wanted to give his students as much knowledge of the human body and anatomy as possible McKinney 16. Around 1886, Eakins was teaching a womens life drawing class and wished to show them the origin of a certain muscle in the male bodyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ thus, he removed the loincloth from the posing male model. Afterwards, Eakins was confronted by the other directors of the Academy, due to their belief that exposing the female students to such immortality devastated their femininity, and asked to justify and apologize for his behavior. He refused to and was thus forced to resign from the Academy Porter 22-23. However, after his resignation, many of Eakins pupils followed him including women to be instructed solely by him. The Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, although not as customized for women as the Philadelphia School, had much influence over the formal education of women artists, especially in the area of life drawing. There are many famous women artists who were taught at and inspired by the Academy during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, such as Mary Cassatt and Cecilia Beaux Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. The nineteenth century brought many changes to the world of art for women. A formal education for future women artists finally became available, and many new opportunities for careers in art were unleashed. Two of the most prominent art schools that catered to female pupils are the Philadelphia School of Design for Women and the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, which both still exist today. These two schools introduced women artists to drawing, sculpture, lithography, life drawing, and even anatomy. The mark that these two fine schools made on the womens world of art will never be forgotten.

Baseball Magic and its Relation With Other Rituals for Luck Essays

Baseball Magic and its Relation With Other Rituals for Luck Essays Baseball Magic and its Relation With Other Rituals for Luck Paper Baseball Magic and its Relation With Other Rituals for Luck Paper The enlightening article â€Å"Baseball Magic† by George Gmelch (1992) relates the rituals practiced by ballplayers before, during, and after a baseball game with the cultural practices found in different cultures across the world. One such culture, as mentioned by Gmelch (1992), is practiced by the Trobriand Islanders who perform certain rituals in order to bring luck to their daily catch (of fish). Relating it to baseball, the two places where the Trobriand Islanders fished are associated with the three important aspects of the game: pitching, hitting, and fielding. In that sense, lagoon fishing is   associated with fielding since it uses skill rather than luck, while open-sea fishing is associated with pitching and hitting since it relies more on luck. Ballplayers practice different rituals that they assume to have brought luck upon them in the past, when they had a good game. Due to the results of each game, Gmelch (1992) claims that ballplayers would ponder on what they might have done that brought them good or bad luck, and later on, they would turn it into a ritual or cast them off as a taboo. They would also practice apparel fetishes that they believe would bring them immense luck. It has also been mentioned that according to B.F. Skinner, these attitudes and practices stem from the results of each game, wherein ballplayers would associate their performance with their daily routines (Gmelch, 1992). The article primarily relates the importance of cultural practices across the globe to the people who practice them. The game of baseball was given an example to associate the rituals importance for the players who perform them with these cultural practices. Baseball is a game of both skill and luck wherein the players would rely more on the latter rather than the former. These rituals give them strength and confidence, intensifying their skills. Similar to these ballplayers are the warriors who practice a certain ritual to provide them with better protection and courage in battle. The article also gives a detailed example of the importance of rituals for people who practice them. Certainly, these rituals intensify the attitudes like confidence and courage. However, the article could have also provided an opposing argument to the whole topic, as it could also mean that these rituals are just mere exaggerations of the ballplayers superstitious mentality about luck. These rituals may have all been their learned set of skills that provide them with the results that they want. With an opposing argument, the whole article could have further explained the importance of such rituals for players, as well as for the whole culture of baseball and its fans. Reference Gmelch, G. (2000). Baseball magic. McGraw-Hill Contemporary Learning Series. Retrieved June 8, 2009, from dushkin.com/olc/genarticle.mhtml?article=27128

Free Essays on Half Way There

Halfway There People. Droves of them, hustling off to their appointed gates with seventeen suitcases strapped to themselves like pack mules. All scowling, furrowing their brows. Hoping to get to where they want to go, and with all seventeen suitcases they came with. Me? I only had two bags, but one of them was large enough to be a body bag. Beside me was my cousin, a tall 16-year old, the jock type, with broad shoulders and pimple covered cheeks. He, of course, got stuck carrying my oversized bag. As we made our way past the ticket counter the automatic doors whooshed open, nearly sweeping us away in a blast of icy air. It was close to December in New York, which means one thing: cold. The kind of cold that hurt the skin, just breathing made people cough. As we zigged and zagged our way through the seething maze of bodies, we kept looking down at the flight information in my hands. â€Å"Gate B-17, I’m sure of it† I said, none too convincingly apparently, for he kept reading aloud the gates and their destinations. We reached a fairly quiet section of the airport, and all the sounds became subdued. It had the feel of a library to it: old, peaceful, and undisturbed. â€Å"Is that our gate?† I asked. He looked up at the monitor and said, â€Å"Flight 182 to Pittsburgh, I think that’s us.† We stepped up to the woman behind the counter and handed her our tickets. She looked up at us, crows’ feet at the edges of her eyes, soft blond hair, and slightly delicate hands, a very attractive middle-aged woman. She had a soft voice, meek and unassuming. â€Å"Right this way please,† she said. We followed her down the steep incline to the plane. The closer we got the louder the noise became, threatening to deafen us. I could see the pilots huddled over the glowing panels in the cockpit, pressing a button here, turning a knob there, and making me feel secur... Free Essays on Half Way There Free Essays on Half Way There Halfway There People. Droves of them, hustling off to their appointed gates with seventeen suitcases strapped to themselves like pack mules. All scowling, furrowing their brows. Hoping to get to where they want to go, and with all seventeen suitcases they came with. Me? I only had two bags, but one of them was large enough to be a body bag. Beside me was my cousin, a tall 16-year old, the jock type, with broad shoulders and pimple covered cheeks. He, of course, got stuck carrying my oversized bag. As we made our way past the ticket counter the automatic doors whooshed open, nearly sweeping us away in a blast of icy air. It was close to December in New York, which means one thing: cold. The kind of cold that hurt the skin, just breathing made people cough. As we zigged and zagged our way through the seething maze of bodies, we kept looking down at the flight information in my hands. â€Å"Gate B-17, I’m sure of it† I said, none too convincingly apparently, for he kept reading aloud the gates and their destinations. We reached a fairly quiet section of the airport, and all the sounds became subdued. It had the feel of a library to it: old, peaceful, and undisturbed. â€Å"Is that our gate?† I asked. He looked up at the monitor and said, â€Å"Flight 182 to Pittsburgh, I think that’s us.† We stepped up to the woman behind the counter and handed her our tickets. She looked up at us, crows’ feet at the edges of her eyes, soft blond hair, and slightly delicate hands, a very attractive middle-aged woman. She had a soft voice, meek and unassuming. â€Å"Right this way please,† she said. We followed her down the steep incline to the plane. The closer we got the louder the noise became, threatening to deafen us. I could see the pilots huddled over the glowing panels in the cockpit, pressing a button here, turning a knob there, and making me feel secur...

Are the courts policymakers or not Put it in the perspective of Research Paper

Are the courts policymakers or not Put it in the perspective of judicial restraint versus judicial activism. Use relevant court cases to justify your position and explain why you chose those cases - Research Paper Example To demonstrate the validity of the above argument, the paper will briefly explore the United States Supreme Court and how its rulings have shaped American policies. According to Boundless.com (2013), â€Å"the Supreme Court holds the power to overturn laws and executive actions they deem unlawful or unconstitutional.† This means that the court has the power to nullify a policy if it is found to be unconstitutional. Let’s examine two cases from the US Supreme Court, these cases have been chosen since they originated from the highest court in the land and they touch on the highest office; the presidency. The case of Humphrey’s Executor Vs United States was decided that the president does not have the power to remove a member of an independent federal regulatory agency without the consent of Congress (Mauro, 2012). Another case is that of Nixon Vs United States in 1974 addressing the executive privilege; the Supreme Court declared that no president is above the law (Phschool.com). From these two cases it can be safely argued that courts are policy makers as they establish checks and balances to the institution of presidency and this forms part of policy pertaining to this office. Even as the court exercises its constitutional mandate, it is critical that judicial restraint be used as opposed to judicial activism. This is because the former emphasizes the limited nature of court’s power to honor only the past precedents while the later advocates for the use of personal views in deciding cases (Slimef 2010).Personal views are known for biasness and prejudice and should not be used in deciding cases of national importance. Policy can only stand if it is supported by the law and courts are the custodians of the law hence it is safe to argue that courts are policy makers as has

Personal statemsent Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Personal statemsent - Essay Example Therefore, my intended goal is to pursue my professional career objectives of being a lawyer at SOAS; thus I intend to approach every situation with a positive attitude in order to create a better living environment. Since law course is appealing and offers real-life experiences in the society, I therefore, apply to join the Intermediate certificate course at SOAS because I want to increase my knowledge on law related issues. I took challenging subjects while in high school such as advanced placement physics, chemistry but I enjoyed art subjects too. However, I have always dreamt of accomplishing my future goals of attaining my professional carrier in the field of law in order to become a lawyer in the future. My future dream of attaining better law skills in order to become a successful lawyer can be traced from the case that arose in the society where two people involved in the criminal act but there was no better justice that was done. This inspired me that one day I will become a lawyer and provide justice where it is necessary and ensure that fairness or justice is always applied in the society. I know there are always challenges and it is not easy to handle some court cases; however, I wil l work hard in order to ensure that I fulfill the demanding needs of people in the society. SOAS ICC is a good learning environment especially for the international students who want to study for any undergraduate program. SOAS is good place to enable me achieve my academic goals because it offers better learning services for students who want to achieve their future dreams. Moreover, the combination of academic and language studies, which are directly connected to the materials covered in varied academic subjects, will enable me to achieve my intended academic objectives successfully. Studying in this institution will benefit me in diverse ways, hence, enabling me to achieve my objectives successfully; One

Market Continuum Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Market Continuum Analysis - Essay Example 51, No. 1, 1973 (pp. 95-124). OECD has 30 member countries in its elite panel and in that survey they have identified that Public spending (5.8 GDP) is almost identical to that of Great Britain or any other countries. It also compared Pharmaceutical spending, Health care spending by the Government and Health care status in the country etc to produce the research. While they have observed that IN U.S the spending more than other countries in Health care it is not producing the desired results. One of the main reasons for this being the relatively greater cost in US of health care services when compared to other countries. This makes Health care services in US to many of its citizens and many others who are working in their country virtually unreachable. During the mid 1990's when there is a software craze going on around the world and In US also, they recognized the need for policy modifications in their Health care systems, which is a result of crisis already existing. The problem with the policy making is that it only reveals what policies need to modified so as to design a suitable policy or them. However the important part that is how to execute these policies is never taken into count. Also in a country like U.S planning a health service suitable for the entire population it self is a big challenge. The reason being the older populations are growing because low mortality rate especially in old people. Also the older people despite the fact they are living for a longer duration are also direly in need of medical supplies. Andersons' Principles of planning: 1. Business ethics 2. Need Vs the demand 3. Economics 4. Equity theory While Anderson discussed at the length about the market penetration and Pricing models the strategies suggested by Anderson had implications on the U.S Social structure, their economy and the people's economy too. The reason for change: One of the prime reasons why the US wanted a change in the health care system is due to the low potential index of the health care system. Quality surveys done by organizations such as OECD reveal exactly these implications. In the sense, the US health care is a victim of poor monitoring and the failure of supply chain mechanism. Like in many other countries the US health care has to cater its services to large middle class section and affordability of the services is a criterion for change. Also the US wanted discrimination to end and the only way to beat it is by furthering the market potential of the health care services. The Transition: However while initiating the change process not enough study has been done according to the writer to nullify the consequences. In one way the consequences are unforeseen, even by the industry experts and to add to the existing woes the weakening of the economy caused further trouble. The Government has taken measures to ensure a certain change is possible and they thought that by maximizing the net returns on the health care can lessen the burden on the already weak and depleted economy. For this they have chosen change agents for continuous and consistent supply of the health care services even in the farthest corners of U.S. More over they have taken steps to cut down on the expenditures to minimize losses the health care is incurring for a period of time. Inorder to ensure that costs are reduced they have

Bronfenbrenner Ecological Systems Theory

Bronfenbrenner Ecological Systems Theory The microsystem is the most influential system because the child has direct interaction with these individuals; that interaction occurs on a consistent basis over an extended period of time (Brofenbrenner, 2004). Family is the most significant relationship of the microsystem; they play an intricate part in the ecological human development. The most time is spent at home with the family; they provide shelter and safety, and also provide emotional support for the child. The parent for example, interacts with the child on a daily basis, they provide a safe and healthy relationship and an environment for them to grow and prosper. The way the parent plays with the child, teaches them, and communicates with them has a lot of influence on their development. The parenting style a child receives paves the way in their ability to communicate with others, their self-esteem, and the attitude and behaviors they exude. The main parenting styles are authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, and non-involved. The authoritarian parent is strict and demanding; this creates a child that grows up to behave withdrawn, fearful, and distrustful of others. On the opposite end of the spectrum is the permissive parent. The child raised in a permissive household is more likely to be aggressive, impulsive, and have little self-reliance. The healthy balance between the two styles is the authoritative parent who raises a content, cooperative, and self-reliant child (Berns, 2010). The parent gives the child the ability to create secure attachments with others and to have a healthy and positive disposition. The emotional connectivity of this relationship is a direct reflection of a childs ability to connect and communicate with all other systems. Parenting styles are not the only ways that family can influence development; family structure also has a great impact. The nuclear family consists of a mom, a dad, and the children, but not all households are structured this way. Divorce is an unfortunate reality in this day and age and the adaptation plays a large role for the child. Not only does the child not get to live in a household that has both parents which provides a healthy surrounding and assures the child of love, but they may have to listen to the consequences of how each parent deals with the divorce itself. Counseling, mediation, custody battles, and fighting are all situations that the child may be surrounded by. The financial consequences will affect the family and the child would not live in the same lifestyle as they would if both parents were together because the income would be cut in half. Peers, community, and schools also affect the child. The peer groups help the child gain independence and discover their sense of self. Negative experiences with peers such as bullying can hurt the childs self-esteem, affect how they interact with their others, and their ability to communicate and socialize with their peers with ease. School is another very important relationship. This gives the child a chance to learn the fundamentals needed as an adult and to help them develop different skills and appropriate behavior. Every child learns differently; they may be an auditory, visual, spatial, or kinesthetic learner. It is the teacher and schools responsibility to discover this and take the best course of action to implement and teaching style that works best for the child. The second system that influences development is the mesosystem. Mesosystems may be described a links in a chain. They consist of linkages and interrelationships that exist between two or more of the individuals microsystems. These interrelationships involve a variety of settings that the child is immersed in; the influences that bind us together (Feldman, 2008). Examples of this system may be the linkage between family and peers, family and school, school and community, and so on. Schooling is the perfect example of the mesosystems linkage between family and school. The more involved the parent is with the childs school, increases the likelihood of that child excelling in school, receiving higher grades, and attending college in the future. The involvement that the family has with the childs learning before they enter school creates a positive attitude towards their future learning. When it comes to the childs relationship with school, the more perceptive that the family and teachers are in their learning with affect their educational experience. They will learn how to complete tasks, problem solve, and understand rewards and consequences. There is also an important linkage between school and the community. Higher funded schools have more resources available to students; these resources extend the learning process. More books, informative television programs and movies, supplies, crafts, and the ability to go on field trips may provide a more stimulating environment and positive outlook on a childs involvement and learning at school. Community support and donations can help increase learning in the classroom. The exosystem is the third system of Bronfenbrenners theory of human development. These influences are indirect; the child itself is not an active participant, however it does have an impact on an active member of  their microsystem. This may consist of the parents career or financial situation, political systems, social support networks, etcetera. As stated above, exosystems have an indirect affect on the child through career, their socioeconomic status, or the government. A parents socioeconomic status affects the child because they may not have the means to purchase educational materials or live in a nice home, if they have a home at all. Children born into poverty statistically have lower self-esteem, are less likely to excel in school or are more likely to drop out, and they are more susceptible to violence and crime. A parents job may also influence a child indirectly. A parent that has to travel a lot for work or stay late hours must place their child in non-parental child care. Different forms of this non-parental care will affect that child differently. There are child care centers, family day cares, and in-home care of a nanny that may be used to watch over the children. The accreditations are different for each type, and there are different programs, such as health, nutrition, and learning programs. Although there are many different options that the family has when they do not have the ability to stay at home with the child, but it is still no substitute for being cared for by their parent. Although sometimes a parent has no choice but to place their child in a day care program, there can be some developmental consequences to this. The child will be able to socialize with peers more easily, but they tend to be less cooperative and unresponsive with adults. The longer the child stays in non-parental care, the more likely they are to develop insecure attachments, are at risk for problems with emotions and in behavior. They are also more likely to be aggressive and defiant. The final system involved is the macrosystem. This system is societal and has a larger context involved in culture. This type of system influences the developing child in a much broader context; the beliefs of the family and their lifestyle, education, religion, and mass media. What society places as the social norms, expected roles, and what a relationship is supposed to look like. Macrosystem influences come from cultural views in society. Views of roles, such as gender roles, have a set of associated behaviors that are expected in that individual. A boy must be a strong provider and shouldnt cry, or a girl should be a nurturer and domesticated are examples of these gender roles inflicted on society. Different values and lifestyle are also a large influence to that child. Believing in the necessity of owning a large home, having expensive cars, or that as adults, they need to be married with a white picket fence and 2.5 children. Morals and values stem from the familys beliefs and religious law; although sometimes the religious laws coincide with federal. Religions such as Catholicism, Lutheranism, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Atheism, are all extremely different from one another and go along a different belief system with different sets of values which influence the individual. Children that grow up believing in some form of Christianity may have different values than a child that grew up in an Atheist household. Mass media and culture are intertwined, but the influence of media is widespread and comes in a variety of forms; screen media, print media, audio media, and interactive media. Media influences value, beliefs, attitudes, and behavior explains Berns (2010, pg 321). At least one form of media can be found basically anywhere and is used to communicate and spread information to a large group of people simultaneously. Screen media that comes in television form spreads so quickly and easily influences young and impressionable minds. In some respects the exposure can be a good thing; it is mentally stimulating, can be educational and useful in a classroom to help students understand information in a different way. Programs for younger children such as Dora the Explorer and Blues Clues are a great way to teach young children colors, numbers, mathematics, and linguistics. Unfortunately there are downsides to this. Not all programs are suitable for young children; they may contain graphic viol ence, foul language, and sexually explicit material that is inappropriate for this age group. This information can ingrain the idea of what life should be like or how the child should behave, this sets up negative associations and roles. Violent and graphic material could result in negative behaviors such as aggression or bullying others, it may also cause the childs imagination to run wild which may be scary, exciting, or intimidating for the child. Too much time in front of the television, or focused on any type of media really, can take away from time spent with the family and engaging in family activities, or it can also affect physical activity. Print media is found in books, newspapers, magazines, and articles. Print media is beneficial because it enhances language and reading skills, it helps with comprehension, and overall cognitive development. Children may understand the sense of who they are because of all the stories and tales they read. A downside to this is that the ch ild may confuse negative actions and material with reality and fantasy. Just as with screen media, print, audio, and interactive media instill the ideas behind different stereotypes; this can be a major concern for problems in the future and self-esteem. Overall between all forms of media there are positives and negatives. They increase cognitive functioning and development, but children are impressionable and graphically violent and sexually explicit material is not good for young children and should be monitored by the parent. It is now apparent that ecological systems affect development Urie Bronfenbrenner was correct in his theory of the bioecological model of human development. There is significant data to show how influential the four systems influence a child. The microsystem consists of close intimate relationships of those in direct contact with the child; they are involved on a consistent basis and appear to be the most influential relationship. Family, peers, school, and the community are all examples of a microsystem. They all have a large impact on the childs socialization skills. Because a child spends so much time with their parents, this is the foundation for success. Teaching their children early what behaviors are acceptable or not, having a comforting and balanced parenting style will really help the child be cooperative, self-reliant, and content. Placing a strong focus on the importance of academics will help the child to succeed in school, also choosing the correct school to help the st udent learning in an environment suitable for their needs. Peers have a massive impact on the childs communication and interaction with others so its important that the parent keep positive influences around that child. The microsystem is the primary system of influence so keeping secure, positive, healthy relationships will help the childs development as they begin to feel the effects of the other systems. Like the links in a chain, the mesosystem combines the importance of the  impact that the microsystems have on each other. Just as school and family influence a child, the relationships between the two systems also have a direct impact on the child. This does not only consist of the two relationships, but all relationships in the microsystem. The indirect affect of the exosystem, such as the stressors of a parents career, will have its own impact. Long hours at the job can result in the child being enrolled in some sort of non-parental child care. The type of care provided coul d benefit the child in their education and learning skills, but may also have a negative impact on their emotional comfort and attachment caused by the lack of the parent being around. Finally, the macrosystem is the combination of culture, religion, mass media, and other influences that are widespread. Mass media has many benefits to the childs development. Media is mentally stimulating, it can increase imagination, and teach the child different skills such as language, communication, mathematics, colors, and other skills. Parents do need to monitor the media that a child does interact with. The graphic violence and sexually explicit material can be damaging for young and influential minds. They can create different stereotypes that can affect the way the child socializing with others, or their sense of self. The more time spent around different forms of media can take away from the quality time spent with the family, and can decrease the amount of physical activity for the child. Overall, the four different systems involved in Bronfenbrenners bioecological model of human development massively impact the socialization and cognitive development of a child.

Logging :: essays research papers

I'm sure some of you have heard at least a little of what is going on down in the beautiful hardwood forests of Tassie? If not here's a short rundown on an extremely threatened area called the Styx valley Forrest... The Styx Valley contains the tallest hardwood trees on Earth. Many of the trees are taller than a 25-storey building, over 400 years old, and up to five metres wide at the base. The Styx is only 70 kilometres west of Hobart and is on the edge of the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area – one of the great temperate wilderness areas on Earth. The Styx also contains large areas of unlogged rainforest. These forests are home to many native species of wildlife, including the majestic Wedge-tailed Eagle, the Eastern Pygmy Possum, the Yellow-tailed Black Cockatoo, owls and rosellas. Other features that occur in the valley include limestone caves, tannin-stained Styx River, and several waterfalls. Now to the bad news†¦ Most of the giants of the Styx are threatened by logging. Between 300 and 600 hectares of the Styx Valley are logged each year. The main form of logging is clear felling and burning. The logging operations proceed by cutting down all the large timber and bulldozing the rest. The useful timber, primarily destined for woodchips, is removed and the area is then bombed from the air which ensures the whole area burns. Most of these trees will be sold as woodchips overseas for about $15 per tonne. After the logged area is burnt it is reseeded 1080 poison is laid down to kill animals who may feed on saplings. 1080 poison does not kill our native animals by putting in a relaxing sleep, it puts them through a long, agonising death, and it may take hours or even days of suffering for these native animals to die. What is at stake you may ask? Is the loss of some of Australia's, and the worlds, oldest hardwood trees for the sake of some measly woodchips a good enough argument, I certainly think so. The tall trees of the Styx are of international botanical importance. Their tourism potential has yet to be realised. They provide a point of contact with the past that once gone, is gone forever. Tall trees are also important for a sense of environmental continuity for future generations. Just reading this makes me feel sick. Our government says that we cannot stop logging because of job loss. Logging :: essays research papers I'm sure some of you have heard at least a little of what is going on down in the beautiful hardwood forests of Tassie? If not here's a short rundown on an extremely threatened area called the Styx valley Forrest... The Styx Valley contains the tallest hardwood trees on Earth. Many of the trees are taller than a 25-storey building, over 400 years old, and up to five metres wide at the base. The Styx is only 70 kilometres west of Hobart and is on the edge of the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area – one of the great temperate wilderness areas on Earth. The Styx also contains large areas of unlogged rainforest. These forests are home to many native species of wildlife, including the majestic Wedge-tailed Eagle, the Eastern Pygmy Possum, the Yellow-tailed Black Cockatoo, owls and rosellas. Other features that occur in the valley include limestone caves, tannin-stained Styx River, and several waterfalls. Now to the bad news†¦ Most of the giants of the Styx are threatened by logging. Between 300 and 600 hectares of the Styx Valley are logged each year. The main form of logging is clear felling and burning. The logging operations proceed by cutting down all the large timber and bulldozing the rest. The useful timber, primarily destined for woodchips, is removed and the area is then bombed from the air which ensures the whole area burns. Most of these trees will be sold as woodchips overseas for about $15 per tonne. After the logged area is burnt it is reseeded 1080 poison is laid down to kill animals who may feed on saplings. 1080 poison does not kill our native animals by putting in a relaxing sleep, it puts them through a long, agonising death, and it may take hours or even days of suffering for these native animals to die. What is at stake you may ask? Is the loss of some of Australia's, and the worlds, oldest hardwood trees for the sake of some measly woodchips a good enough argument, I certainly think so. The tall trees of the Styx are of international botanical importance. Their tourism potential has yet to be realised. They provide a point of contact with the past that once gone, is gone forever. Tall trees are also important for a sense of environmental continuity for future generations. Just reading this makes me feel sick. Our government says that we cannot stop logging because of job loss.

Context of Modernism

IntroductionCONTEXT OF MODERNISMModernism is a set of cultural or aesthetic manners which associates with the scientific and the artistic motion which started in the decennary around the First World War and have dominated among several motion such as cubism, functionalism and surrealism. Sarup, M. ( 1993 ) . However in architecture, modernism reacts to the dedication of turn toing new edifices after the two World Wars such as mass lodging of traditional signifiers and the potency for researching new conditions of production such as new stuffs and engineering. Le Corbusier and Mies van der Roche were the cardinal influences of modern architecture ; they took several civilizations and tradition to explicate the impression of modern architecture. Curtis, W. J.R. ( 2001 ) . Modernist have the thought that architecture should hold a consequence as being ‘functionalistic, positive, technocentric, and rationalistic ‘ with their edifice or urban planning. Harvey, D. ( 1990 ) page 35. In the World War II, Modernism became popular particularly in the United State where it took on a new life by utilizing different engineerings such as steel frame and glass drape walls for building skyscrapers and suburban office Parkss and shopping centres which were cost-efficient. Ghirardo, D. ( 1996 ) .CONTEXT OF POSTMODERNISMPostmodernism is really equivocal to depict because it has certain elements that relates to modernism. The term originated within creative persons and critics in the United State in the 1960s and it was distributed in the European and other industrial states in the seventiess. However postmodernism is an unstable construct of motion within an beforehand capitalist civilization that argue the ocular attacks in literary unfavorable judgment of art, movie, manner and architecture within the political economic societal conditions of the late twentieth century. It besides involves the new relationship between world and nature. Ghirardo, D. ( 1996 ) . Postmodernist impression of attacks to architecture derived from modernism political orientation of architecture, and it even influences some postmodern designers, this is because of their cognition from preparation and besides their modern methods of buildings but they besides add their new construct to their edifices. Jencks, C. ( 1988 ) . There are three rules that Robert Stern ‘s article portrays to depict the features of postmodernism, the first feature is ‘contextualism, ‘ this describes the single edifice as ever a fragment that represents its environment. The 2nd is ‘allusionism ‘ , which emphasise the edifice of its historical and cultural facets, and the 3rd is ‘ornamentalism ‘ , and this suggests all the walls of the edifice to hold an architectural significance. ( See the work of Robert Stern ) Bertens, H. ( 1995 ) page 59. Postmodernism has besides emerged the classical phase whereby it has influenced certain postmodern designers like Michael Graves, James Stirling, Norman Neuerburg and even Philip Johnson ‘s AT & A ; T edifice ( see figure 1 ) . Jenks emphasise that the ‘Free-Style Classicism ‘ determines some features of postmodern architecture which started exactly from the 1980s. ( See the work of Charles Jencks ) Bertens, H. ( 1995 ) page 64.Critic OF POSTMODERNISM ON MODERNIST NOTION OF ARCHITECTUREDavid Harvey argues about if ‘postmodernism, for illustration, stand for a extremist interruption with modernism, or is it merely a rebellion within modernism against a signifier of high modernism. ‘ Harvey, D. ( 1990 ) page 42. This message is to oppugn the architecture of the postmodern motion, Harvey so explains by underscoring that postmodernism has widely identify a interruption with the modernist construct that planning, planing and development should concentrate on the wide-scale, technologically rational and economically urban program which should be strict on thoughts of design with a functionalist perceptual experience of an international manner. Harvey, D. ( 1990 ) . The most influential critic on postmodernism and modernism is Charles Jenks, he portrayed architecture from a lingual point of position as accents in his book ‘The Language of Post-Modern Architecture ‘ . Jenks argues that postmodernism architecture is non a interruption of modernism but nevertheless it ‘s seeking to get the better of the political orientation of its architecture non by dropping it but by widening the ‘language ‘ to a different degree into a common and commercial but off from tradition. He listed all the old edifices as which had modern features and named them as the ‘ersatz, ‘ nevertheless he calls the new edifice as the ‘social pragmatism. ‘ Jencks, C. ( 1991 ) page 97. Furthermore he pinpoints the exact day of the month for the decease of ‘modern architecture ‘ as he reference at 3:32 autopsy, July 15, 1972 when the Pruitt-Igoe lodging undertaking built in 1951 was demolished. Similarly Charles Jenks explores further the thought of the modernist thought within postmodernism architecture, he argues that postmodern architecture is ‘double coded ‘ , this suggest that postmodernism is an eclectic mixture of traditional codifications with modern 1s this shows that modernism is ever one of the codifications that signifiers postmodernism so postmodern architecture has evolve from modernism but it must travel beyond modern manner. Therefore postmodernism is to interrupt wholly or drop modernist thought of architecture but has extended it into a different impression. Jenks explores Mies van de Roche who is a modern designer, he argues that the usage of steel I- beams for edifices are ‘nasty ‘ and ‘brutal ‘ and has no intent for its users or developers so hence postmodernism has evolve to happen solution of bettering the upon modernism. Bertens, H. ( 1995 ) . The indicant that modernism architecture is rational and severe is because the limitations and their influence on traditional signifiers and constructs which most postmodern designers see as ‘pass & A ; eacute ; , ‘ nevertheless when postmodern architect design they contravene to tradition besides when they build their edifices they express it through a modern manner by underscoring on a mixture of different manners. Likewise in the description of postmodern architecture Paolo Portoghesi who besides criticise postmodernism argues that postmodern is any edifice that breaks modern constrains of historical manners with common influences. Kolb, D. ( 1990 ) page 88. The limitation of modern architecture on historical influences is one of the chief challenges of postmodernism. Jean-Francois Lyotard a postmodern critic explains that one features of postmodernism is the transform nature understanding in scientific and computerised society, this has gave them progress cognition and engineering to get the better ofing and the rational and severe impression of modernism. Sarup, M. ( 1993 ) . In favor of this, Joseph Fredrick who defended against the International Style ‘s and his ain thought of building explains that modernism in architecture has assorted characters but its onslaught was on its manner, which necessarily postmodernism has taking over. It is the severity of modernism ‘s traditional signifiers which postmodern took the advantage of scientific cognition to interrupt the historical influences and give freedom for designers to plan their edifice. Larson, M, S. ( 1993 ) . The division between modern and postmodern is that modern is restricted whereby postmodern has its freedom to plan. Furthermore modernist impression of architecture as rational and severe to traditional limitation has non been negated by postmodern but it has interpreted and integrated modernist political orientation. However Jencks argue that postmodernism has non become a interruption or dropped the thought of modernist architecture but it has evolve from modernism, and has notice the apprehension of the development of its clip so they change the way and extended its features to accommodate its epoch. Portoghesi, P. ( 1980 ) . Therefore postmodernism is normally known as the ‘stylistic phenomenon ‘ . Ghirardo, D. ( 1996 ) page 8 Charles Jenks argues that postmodern edifices in general have made a positive impact in architecture, since the 19th century technological building has made a huge betterment on edifices and has been overly-accurate as with the handmade assortment, this and other factors have become the chief ground for its interruption from modernism. Likewise he argues that postmodernism has taking radically from the construct of how to knowledge edifice infinite where as modernist to see infinite as something to be shaped for societal intents, they interpret infinite as something independent, to be design harmonizing to originative purposes but non to overreach its traditional influences. An illustration is Le Corbusier ‘s Domino edifices ( see figure 3 ) which started modernist development of infinite, nevertheless postmodernism reacted to this by looking for solutions to specify ‘place ‘ alternatively of abstract infinites and to set up the assorted ambiguity of infinites inste ad than the simple, predictable traditional edifice of modernist architecture. Jenks, C. ( 1990 ) .Le Corbusier ‘s Domino lodging undertakingThere are certain characteristics of modernism which have been developed by postmodernist designers, the spacial thoughts such as superimposed and shallow simple infinites of Frank Lloyd Wright and Le Corbusier. Postmodernist have developed these facets into a more new sort of equivocal infinite with assorted complex elements. Jenks, C. ( 1988 ) . Charles Jencks points out that postmodern architecture have two grounds into important technological alteration ; the first is the modern-day communications have broken the strong modernist involvement of the rational and severe infinites based on map and of societal involvement. The 2nd is the progress engineerings for illustration computing machine patterning which has broken away from traditional restraints and permitted the flexibleness of planing and building. Jenks, C. ( 1990 ) . Postmodernism has non dropped modernist impression of architecture but it has taking certain elements of it such as infinite and even some traditional facets of edifice and developed it into a more complex manner. However it has set freedom from modernist construct that architecture should be severe and sensible. The progresss scientific engineering has aided postmodernism to germinate from modernism. Jenks, C. ( 1988 ) .Michael Graves as a postmodernism designer.Michael Graves was portion of the late-modern motion before he left the abstract construct attack to the New York Five in 1977 ; this group consisted of Peter Eisenman, Richard Meier, Michael Graves, and Charles Gwathmey. They introduce an progress technique of planing with ‘figural component ‘ , and this has influenced postmodern designers. Schulz, N. ( 1990 ) page 7-8. He so left to fall in other designers such as Venturi, Moore, and Stern who were involve with the paradigm for postmodernism in America. Ghirard o, D. ( 1996 ) . Graves has become one of most influential designers in postmodernism, his construct of fragments have become important to postmodernist designers to plan their edifice in a complex and equivocal manner which contradicts the impression of modernism. Graves has besides adapted postmodern classicalism in architecture such as the Portland Building and the Humana Building ( see figure 4 and 5 ) . Grave has taking the traditional signifiers and manners of classicalism and extended into a postmodern attack by presenting classical skyscrapers. Jenks, C. ( 1988 ) .THE PORTLAND PUBLIC SERVICES BuildingThe Portland edifice ( see figure 4 ) was a really important municipal edifice within its epoch, which was begun in 1980 in Portland Oregon, this undertaking provoked modernist designers because it was one of the most inspirational edifice in postmodernism. Powell, K. ( 1995 ) . The public edifice is located in the center of the country whereby it had to hold a quality of postmodern landmark, but nevertheless his manner out was to convey back ‘figural signifiers ‘ to the edifice to portray the ‘public nature of the context and urban and the internal plan ‘ . He used the classical manner of administration by spliting the edifice into three parts ; which is the base, organic structure and the top.THE HUMANA BuildingDecisionBibliographyBauman, Z. , 2004. Identity conversation with Benedetto Vecchi. London: Polity Press.KING, D. A. , 2004. Spaces of Global Cultures Architecture Urbanism Identity. New York: Routledge.POWELL, K. , 1994. Lloyd ‘s Building Richard Rogers Partnership ARCHITECTURE IN DETAILS. London: Phaidon.POWELL, K. , 1999. Richard Rogers Complete Works Volume One. London: Phaidon.POWELL, K. , 2001. Richard Rogers Complete Works Volume Two. London: Phaidon.SIEBERT, H. , 2007. The World Economy A planetary analysis. 3rd edition. New York: Routledge.SILVER, N. , 1997. The Making of Beaubourg: A Building Biography of the Centre Pompidou, Paris. ( s.n. ) : MIT Press.SIMAI, M. , 1990. GLOBAL POWER STRUCTURE, TECHNOLOGY AND WORLD ECONOMY IN THE LATE TWENTIETH CENTURY. London: Pinter publishing houses Limited.STRELITZ, Z. , ed. , 2005. Tall edifices a strategic design usher. London: RIBA Publishing.VALE, J. L. , 2008. Architecture, Power, and National Identity. 2nd edition. New York: Routledge.WOODS, N. , ed. , 2000. The Political Economy of Globalisation. New York: Palgrave( ANON ) Royal exchange luxury shopping and dining.

Free Essays on Roman Religion Vs Todays Religion

Roman Religion in A Romans Everyday Life vs. Religion's Effects on Today "We Romans", said Cicero, "owe our supremacy overall other peoples to our piety and religious observances and to our wisdom in believing that the spirit of the gods rules and directs everything." Roman rites and observances took two main forms. One was the domestic reverence of the spirit or genius of the family. The other was the public attitude to the gods and goddesses by whom the destiny and welfare of the Roman people as a whole were supposed to be guided and controlled. During the Classical period, religious observance accompanied all important private and public events and transactions and, no successful outcome went without a vow of thanks or public dedication. Temples, priests and sacred rites were provided by the State. Nothing in the nature of religious services as we know them, in which the body of worshipers as a whole were able to participate, seems to have been celebrated in the temples. Any set forms of prayers, hymns or chants were performed solely by the official pr iests whose secrets they remained. The ordinary Roman man or woman had little personal part to play in such rites (Handbook To Life In Ancient Greece). While they were being undertaken and fulfilled it was the duty of the ordinary citizen not to interfere or make any disturbance and to refrain from any business affairs. When religiously minded Roman dropped in to a temple in order to worship the god or goddess whose house it was , they had some practical object in view : some personal favor or advantage. They came and perhaps burn incenses. When praying they stood with upturned palms. Sometimes they got as close to the image of the god as they could in order to whisper their pleas; the feet of some of the images were worn by the kisses of generations of worshipers. In addition to paying a fee for admission, the grateful petitioner for divine aid also brought sacrifices and thankful off... Free Essays on Roman Religion Vs Today's Religion Free Essays on Roman Religion Vs Today's Religion Roman Religion in A Romans Everyday Life vs. Religion's Effects on Today "We Romans", said Cicero, "owe our supremacy overall other peoples to our piety and religious observances and to our wisdom in believing that the spirit of the gods rules and directs everything." Roman rites and observances took two main forms. One was the domestic reverence of the spirit or genius of the family. The other was the public attitude to the gods and goddesses by whom the destiny and welfare of the Roman people as a whole were supposed to be guided and controlled. During the Classical period, religious observance accompanied all important private and public events and transactions and, no successful outcome went without a vow of thanks or public dedication. Temples, priests and sacred rites were provided by the State. Nothing in the nature of religious services as we know them, in which the body of worshipers as a whole were able to participate, seems to have been celebrated in the temples. Any set forms of prayers, hymns or chants were performed solely by the official pr iests whose secrets they remained. The ordinary Roman man or woman had little personal part to play in such rites (Handbook To Life In Ancient Greece). While they were being undertaken and fulfilled it was the duty of the ordinary citizen not to interfere or make any disturbance and to refrain from any business affairs. When religiously minded Roman dropped in to a temple in order to worship the god or goddess whose house it was , they had some practical object in view : some personal favor or advantage. They came and perhaps burn incenses. When praying they stood with upturned palms. Sometimes they got as close to the image of the god as they could in order to whisper their pleas; the feet of some of the images were worn by the kisses of generations of worshipers. In addition to paying a fee for admission, the grateful petitioner for divine aid also brought sacrifices and thankful off...

How Fuel Prices Effect Small Businesses

How Fuel Prices Effect Small Businesses Free Online Research Papers Introduction: â€Å"Numerous components make up the price of gasoline, including the cost of crude oil (45 percent), federal and state taxes (23 percent), refining costs (22 percent), and marketing and distribution costs (10 percent)† (Kyl, 2004). An increase in any of these components can easily raise the price of gasoline. An example of this would be the increased price of crude oil due to war threats in the Middle East (Keese, 2003). A couple of years ago, an oil strike in Venezuela also caused the price of gasoline to increase (Keese, 2003). Now imagine an increase in more than one component- the price of gasoline can get really expensive if two components or more have an increased in price. In the most recent election, proposition 87 called for a â€Å"†¦$4 billion annual tax on intrastate oil production† (Taylor Van Doren, 2006). Imposing the tax would cause an increase in the marginal cost of gasoline, but not imposing the tax would increase the production cost of gasoline. In either situation, the price of gasoline will increase. Gasoline prices are increasing and statistics show that they will continue to increase as time goes. Gasoline prices dramatically affect the cost of transportation, but they also affect businesses. Although big businesses suffer from the increasing cost of gasoline, small businesses are affected more. The increasing fuel prices are becoming a threat to small businesses because they are not able to fund for the sudden change in price- three businesses in general that are affected are independent car dealerships, transportation companies, and airlines. Independent car dealerships: Independent, small, dealerships are usually those dealerships that are individually owned. They are normally used car dealerships that offer a limited selection at lower prices than a big, named dealership would. The business is quite expensive to start, but is ideal for car lovers. The returns however, if successful, are rewarding. If unsuccessful the returns on the business may lead to failure and even bankruptcy. There’s a risk involved in starting any small business. Unlike larger car dealerships, small dealerships cannot offer incentives or regular sales. Some small car dealerships, if going well, can offer sales on more regular occasions. The competition is great with bigger car dealerships because they are able to fluctuate prices more than smaller dealerships. As the price for fuel increases, less people are willing to buy a car, especially one with a poor mileage to gallon rate. Some incentives that larger dealerships have offered are a fixed gas price for a year, sale priced vehicles at employee discount rates, and zero interest or low interest for a certain period of time. It is more difficult for a smaller dealership to offer these incentives to their buyers because they have a smaller budget than the bigger dealerships. Instead, they have to raise their prices in order to make up for the loss of buyers. Raising vehicle prices however does not attract more buyers. Higher prices cause the consumer to go buy at a lower price. Small dealerships must do this because it will make up for the loss of buyers and they will still be able to stay in business. Once fuel prices lower, they are then able to lower the price of the vehicle once again. As the price of fuel continues to increase, the future for small dealerships doesn’t look very promising. Trucking companies: Depending on the particular company, trucking companies offer a variety of transportation services in delivery and courier. Truckers may drive for long hours and long distances in order to get their shipment delivered on time. All trucking companies have one thing in common: their main source of transportation requires fuel. Whether they are delivering pizza in a compact car or delivering a shipment of products to a warehouse in an 18-wheeler truck, they require fuel to get from one destination to another. As fuel prices increase it is getting more expensive for trucking companies to deliver their required shipments or to make required errands. â€Å"For every 10-cent rise in the cost of diesel, an average 1000 fleets go bankrupt† (Kilcarr, 2004). Trucking companies need to account for maintenance fees of the truck itself and also fuel fees; if the company cannot fund these fees then the company is left out of business. The main source if the trucking company is the vehicle. Without the vehicle, the company no longer exists. Trucking companies usually account for the higher prices of fuel by raising shipment prices for the consumer or manufacturer. By raising prices, just like the small dealerships, trucking companies can make up for the increased fuel prices. Many trucking companies also look for the shortest routes and link close routes together, so that they can get more shipments out in a single drive or on a single tank of gasoline. By changing driving habits, the truck driver can also conserve gas and maximize the fuel economy. (Kilcarr, 2004) Airlines: Airlines provide air transportation to people as a source for traveling. Flying is an alternative, efficient, and convenient way of traveling from one location to another. Certain companies also ship cargo and transport various goods through airplanes. â€Å"For most airlines, fuel it is the second largest expense category behind labor† (Kuhlman, 2005). Airlines require fuel to fly and the price of fuel increasing has caused a problem for many airlines. Airlines are a business that must respond quickly to the increase in fuel prices and not all airlines are able to handle an increase in fuel prices. Similar to the other businesses, airlines increase prices in order to account for the increasing fuel prices. However, some small airlines with smaller planes cannot account for these prices because even though it costs less to operate a smaller plane, the number of people cannot account for the increase in fuel prices. The airline would have to increase the ticket price much higher than a larger airline would. The larger airline can account for the increasing fuel price at a lower cost because they have more passengers and more flights to offer. (Kuhlman, 2005) As time goes by and fuel prices continue to increase, Kuhlman believes that the airline business will soon fade. The prices will become too great that only the rich and the government will be able to afford to travel by air. He predicts that airlines will soon go out of business and oil prices will be too high to account for. No one is quite sure of the future of airlines, but one can only guess that it will not be easy in the future for airline to fund for the fuel prices. Conclusion: Increasing fuel prices are greatly affecting not only small business, but major businesses as well. The only difference is that bigger businesses are more able to fund the rising fuel prices because of the foundation they’ve created. Smaller business and beginning businesses however do not normally have a backbone or support that they can fall back on, so it is much harder for them to fund for the increasing fuel prices. â€Å"There’s no readily available source of energy that can replace oil as it steadily declines over the coming decades. In the present form, alternative energies are simply not capable to replace fossil fuels at the scale, rate and manner at which the world currently consumes them† (Kuhlman, 2005). Alternative fuels have become popular over the past several years, but there haven’t been any discoveries that can power even a car for a long distance. Citizens can and should take part in voting for funding more research in alternative fuels. Alternative fuels are the future and if funding is not readily available, then it will take longer for researchers to discover new fuels and technologies. The longer it takes, the more consumers will suffer with increasing prices. References California Energy Commission (2006). Weekly Transportation Fuels Trend. Retrieved November 18, 2006, from energy.ca.gov/gasoline/ Energy Information Administration (2006). A Primer on Diesel Fuel Prices. Retrieved November 18, 2006, from eia.doe.gov/bookshelf/brochures/ diesel/dieselprices2006.pdf Keese, W. J. (2003). Causes for Gasoline and Diesel Price Increases in California. California Energy Commission. Retrieved November 18, 2006 from, energy.ca.gov/2003_price_spikes/ 2003-04-02_GASOLINE_FINAL.PDF Kilcarr, S (2004). Fuel’s Wild Ride. FleetOwner. Retrieved November 25, 2006, from http://fleetowner.com/management/feature/fleet_fuels_wild_ride/ Kuhlman, A (2005). Peak Oil: The Coming Global Crisis and the Decline of Avaiation. Retrieved November 25, 2006, from http://www1.airliners.net/articles/ read.main?id=81 Kyl, J (2004). Identifying the Causes of Rising Gasoline Prices. Republican Policy Committee. Retrieved November 18, 2006, from http://rpc.senate.gov/ _files/Jun0104updatedGasolinePG.pdf Schleicher, A (2003). Venezuelan Oil Strike. NewsHour Extra. Retrieved November 18, 2006, from pbs.org/newshour/extra/features/jan-june03/ venezuela.html Taylor, J Van Doren, P (2006). California Focus: Prop 87 Equals Higher Gas Prices. Cato Institute. Retrieved November 18, 2006, from cato.org / pub_display.php?pub_id=6714 U. S. Department of State. Chapter 4 Small Business and the corporation. International Information Programs. Retrieved November 25, 2006, from http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/oecon/chap4.htm Research Papers on How Fuel Prices Effect Small BusinessesDefinition of Export QuotasTwilight of the UAWAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeOpen Architechture a white paperNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceCapital PunishmentThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of Self

Humanistic Approach Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Humanistic Approach - Essay Example The last thing is that embracing corporate responsibilities is crucial in strengthening and maintaining an ongoing relationship with the stakeholders. According to Murray, Constantinos, and Robert (12), it is appropriate to apply human approach in business context where dignity and respect of every individual is the foundation that builds and maintains interpersonal interaction. This approach helps the management to embrace every individual in the organization regardless of where he comes from or what he owns. The integration of ethical reflection into the business is the key process from which effective and quality decisions are made. The solitary managerial decision on where an action is ethically sound depends on the humanistic approach to management. However, the approach may not be appropriate in providing excessive freedom. It is important to note that, the humanistic theory make some assumptions about human nature, which are not accepted as solid or complete. One cannot adequa tely argue that every individual should be given freedom to choose what he wants or not. This is because some people may make negative choices even when right solutions are staring at them. These facts plague the humanistic approach to management and therefore establish the need to offer sufficient guidance for positive change to occur. Still, it may not be appropriate when managers are mean and misunderstand how their employees perform their assigned duties. When managers treat their employees like this, they get depressed and sad and thus become unproductive in the workplace. Since humanistic approach to management is based on the self and client centred therapy, then it benefits people to discover and identify their personal capacity that stimulates self-assessment and self-development. This approach creates a ground for people to understand their strengths and work hard to improve on their weaknesses. However, this approach requires people to understand the root of their problem before building or fixing the solution. With this, this approach may not perfectly work for everyone since some people may be threatened and challenged to find out the root cause of their problems. Still, this approach regards that human beings must understand that they are hold responsible of their lives. For instance, some people may not be ready to take on personal responsibility and thus becomes hard to dictate their lives. What is meant by not crossing the line in the humanistic approach is that you can hang out for lunch and have fun with with a manager or co-workers, but when it comes to work there is respect and dignity. In other words, crossing the line means doing what should be done at the tight time, place, and time. For instance, work should be done excellently and when out for lunch one should have fun to the fullest. Friendship should be maintained but this should not create any room for laziness or low performance in the work place (Murray, Constantinos, and Robert 22). The main advantage of humanistic over the quantitative approach to management is that, humanistic approach creates a strong ground for employers or managers to know their employees and what they can accomplish. Unlike the quantitative approach, the humanistic approach takes into account fulfilling psychological, emotional, and basic needs to promote a healthy

Unit 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Unit 3 - Essay Example written, the illusion of class mobility was in existence since leaders created the assumption that strategies were put in place to minimize class differences. However, the society still had massive class based divisions. Meritocracy refers to the ability of the society to acknowledge the success of a person based on their achievements and rewards rather than their wealth and social status. Class marker is the definition towards a certain class level or perception towards a class. The article aims to change the class marker based on wealth and social superiority. In the article, the role of the media in creating class differentiations is criticized. The article criticizes the media for shielding the truth of the nature of the different class levels. In particular, the article cites that the media tends to favor the rich class as it provides information that praises the class (Mantsios 386). Information provided on the low class has limited information and depth. However, this may not be true. The modern day media provide massive information on the situation at the low class. In addition, there are increases calls to improve life in the low class as well as bridge the gap between classes. This is done by highlighting the plight of people living in the low class. Considering the era the article is created, much has been done to improve media coverage on social classes. The media then only focuses on strategies put in place to develop the high class. In addition, the low class has never been viewed as significant part of the society thus sparki ng a much less interest to the public. The main difference between the poverty and wealthy gap is the size. The income gap is determined by the ability of a society to live a comfortable life with access to social amenities. In regards to economic status, the poverty gap is disadvantages significantly. The class is poorly compensated for their services. The article uses data from the number of women with color who live wealthy

EXAM PREPARATION (MARKETING RESEARCH) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

EXAM PREPARATION (MARKETING RESEARCH) - Essay Example Another example of categorical data is the use of geography and demographic data to predict behaviour of the consumer. In demography and geography survey, the consumers respond to their state of residence or the city, or the country of origin (Texas, California, and Chicago). However, the study should limit the states or the cities from where it operates from or have subsidiaries. To assess the specific geographic market segmentation, business composition, growth patterns, and the demand difference among the zones or areas of operation, one should also use categorical data. These data can be collected using three criteria. The common approach is the use of open-ended questionnaire that would require coding after data collection (respond allowed to write their thought). Another example involves the use of lists of items in a form to enable the respondent select the options. The categorical data allows the use of multiple response questions (respondent selects). The questions must be c oded to make the selection and subsequent analysis easy. The reason for assigning numbers to labels facilitates data analysis. Analysis is possible through the assessment of modal frequencies and percentages. The nominal data are not suitable for studies that seek to establish the comparison and to rank between products in different geographical and demographic zones. Besides, one cannot use these data in studies that require averages and comparison. Studies seeking to establish ranking or ordering of products and other business variables use ordinal data. In simple terms, the ordinal data determines natural order hence referred to as the rating scale. One can rate (excellent, good, fair, unsatisfactory, and poor) services or products. Such data is useful when one seeks to leverage on the respondent willingness to rank or make their preferred list of items through their selection strategies. Unlike categorical data, which

Challenges and Gaps Essay Example for Free

Challenges and Gaps Essay At the core of any discussion on the themes of globalization is education. The graduates or products of the institutions of learning, whether public or private, become responsible in carrying out research and development (R D) in the world systems – information and communication, science and technology, environment, economy, politics, intercultural understanding and cooperation. As such, academic institutions at all levels are responsible primarily in education that teaches the skills, knowledge, and technology of the current century. However, the characteristics of global education are quite varied although the basic elements are common to educators. Globalization, at the same time is a promise of interrelationships; it is also foreshadowing possible threats and risks. The challenges are many and costly depending on its relevance and on the priority needs of the country. Gaps within the different countries vary – some wider as it is between the developed countries and the developing ones; others are narrower among countries of the same categories. Nonetheless, one thing is certain in the uncertainties of the future of globalization. Global education as an inevitable consequence of globalization will have its micro and macro level characteristics, it is promising as well as threatening, its challenges are posed to the institutions of learning, and considerable gaps will continue to exist among nations. Global education has been defined in various ways but the commonalities and character are more or less explicit. The Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development (ASCD) in their 1991 Yearbook defined it as (Philosophy and Definition n. d. ): Global education involves learning about those problems and issues which cut across national boundaries and about the interconnectedness of systems – cultural, ecological, economic, political, and technological. Global education also involves learning to understand and appreciate our neighbors who have different cultural backgrounds from ours; to see the world through the eyes and minds of others; and to realize that other people of the world need and want much the same things. J. Michael Adams, during his stint as president of Fairleigh Dickinson University (2004) gave his insight on what global education is and he said: It is an education that ensures that students will be able to succeed in a world marked by interdependence, diversity and rapid change†¦one that provides knowledge and understanding of cultures, languages, geography and global perspectives. Most importantly, global education is one that enables students to understand their roles in a global community and teaches them how their actions can affect citizens throughout the world†¦that it demonstrates how events around the world can affect students in their own lives and therefore cannot be ignored. Scripps College (Strategy Two: Globalization n. d. ) looks at globalization as a complex and multidimensional phenomenon entailing both opportunities and risks for all the inhabitants of our planet, and it will provide its students with the conceptual tools, adaptive skills, and experiences necessary for fulfilling lives in an interconnected world characterized by rapid transformation and uncertainty. From these open-minded definitions, we are brought to a close of what global education can mean. It is dynamic because it is a process and it is not coming to a halt. It is about the interrelatedness, interconnectedness, and interdependence/cooperation of the people and nations of the world as one belonging to the global community/village that is constantly influenced by the rapid changes brought about by science and technology and man’s exploitation of the earth’s resources. It is altogether addressing the concerns of each and every nation such as poverty. It is a striving to understand each other’s differences, live in peace in diversity, while taking the subjective view of things from other cultures’ perceptions. It is educating the students and the young in general in the competitive skills to become aware of citizenship both at the local and at the world level and to be able to acquire the necessary tools as a survival kit. Globalization, while it poses opportunities and promises, are not bereft of the risks and dangers that simultaneously comes along with the numerous uncertainties brought about by it. Through the interrelatedness among nations, peoples, economies, and cultures, ideas and innovations are swiftly shared. Education is shared through various forms of exchanges around the globe. However, on the other hand, the risks of globalization cannot be underestimated. J. Michael Adams (2004) shares his opinion on the mutual dependencies of nations yet apprehensive that the useful outcomes of globalization are not mutually shared. Furthermore, borderlessness, which is a characteristic of globalization, can cause the increase of threats to mankind like ruin to the environment, the speedy spreading of contagious diseases, and violence in terrorism. To cite an example is the nagging problem where to dump and how to manage the devastating unimaginable volumes of garbage all over the continents and more so in the long run. In the case of pandemic diseases such as the current AH1N1 or commonly called the â€Å"swine flu† went â€Å"global† in no time at all because of the profusion of travels. Moreover, terrorism in different degrees occurs in many parts of the world. Globalization is in itself a challenge to every citizen of the world. Illiteracy has no place in globalization; it is in fact opposed to globalization. Science and technology, the cyberspace, and the information generation do not make meaning to the unschooled and neither do they benefit from it. Then, it is not just the unschooled that will be misplaced but including those students who will not strive, through their competent teachers and schools, to acquire the necessary skills to cope or adapt or survive in the borderless society. This brings us to the burden of responsibilities of the learning institutions charged with the (global) education of the young. Because of the uncertainties in globalization, the latter creates challenges that must be intellectually addressed by the academic community. For one, countries have been categorized as Developed Countries and Developing or Underdeveloped, First World and Third World. The discussion in Philosophy and Definition (n. d. ) is a very good starting point. First, the concept of global education is an initiative proposed from the end of the United States and the other developed countries in the Euro-West. As such it comes almost naturally to them as a matter of a natural course of action in the â€Å"shrinking of the world† as a global village. Different institutions have a range of approaches to global education. Take the case of the University of California Approaching the 21st Century (n. d. ) as it addresses a range of issues with appropriate and corresponding initiatives. The issues, specifically referring to inculcate to the undergraduate students address cultural diversity, skills needed in the continuing sophistication of technology, research, collaborations, and the finance to distribute for sharing the knowledge. These issues are pointing to some of the perceived aims of globalization – to learn to accept and live in coexistence in harmony with a wide variety of people of different cultures and races; to learn the lifelong skills to competitively make a living in this technologically-driven era; to further encourage research to dynamically cope with changes and development; that any effort geared at globalization is every citizen’s look out not just in the community but in the community of nations; and whatever knowledge gained must be shared. The case of Scripps College â€Å"Strategies and Initiatives† (n. d. ) is similarly facing the challenges by preparing its (all women) students for tomorrow’s globalization. Accordingly, it aims to understand the complexities of globalization and to be approached across the disciplines by considering such things as broadening the curriculum in a particular discipline while incorporating the issues of globalization. Scripps emphasizes of women issues and their active participation in all spheres of the society. To adapt to the rapid changes taking place, giant companies like Cisco, Intel and Microsoft (January 2009) make a resounding call for the private sectors to join hands with the public institutions because even governments are facing reduction in resources. Collaborating, the three companies spearhead the assessment research and development by assessing globally the outcomes of the skills of the students to enable them to join or qualify in the future workforce. From the same source, it is gathered that â€Å"In the global economy, it is the world’s best performing education systems, not simply improvement by national standards that have become the yardstick for educational success. † As countries take steps in approaching global education, gaps are created in the process. Third World countries, when it comes to the issue of global education, they are in a quandary between their domestic concerns as stipulated in their respective philosophies of education and quite the comparison, what is called for in global education. There is no doubt that the developing countries understand the concepts of global education and its accompanying elements. However, Third World countries in spite of their awareness of the existence of the movements in many countries, they are preoccupied with their priorities taking into consideration their own relevant needs at the domestic level such as nation-building. Necessarily, they log behind the First World. Secondly, finances to address globalization are an important matter that Third World countries are not able to cope with competitively. For instance, the report of the Research Universities UNESCO Forum on Higher Education, Research and Knowledge (2006) presents statistics that explains financial constraints responsible for the considerable gaps. Developed countries on average spend 2. 5 percent of the gross domestic product on R D. While India allocates 1. 2 percent; Brazil, 0. 91 percent; China, 0. 69 percent, most developing nations devote less than 0. 5 percent of GDP to research and development. The figures, quite representative of the Third World, imply many things to global education in the context of developing nations. While developed countries excel in R D, developing countries lag too far behind. How to close these gaps is an effort to address such as the position advanced earlier by Cisco, Intel and Microsoft (2009). Much coping has to be undertaken by the developing countries while simultaneously addressing their own domestic priorities. Thirdly, Tony Wagner in his â€Å"The Global Achievement Gap† (2008) observes (supported by statistics) that â€Å"even our best schools don’t teach the new survival skills our children need†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and that â€Å"generally school educators do not have a sense of urgency of change because they are being busy attempting to increase the number of standardized tests and lose vision for the change. † Under what he believes is the present unfortunate scenario in the educational system, he has proposed what he calls the seven survival strategies to close the gaps or remove the â€Å"educational obstacles. † Addressing the achievement gap he is referring to, Wagner cited samples of schools that teach hands-on and project-based learnings where students â€Å"think, plan, organize, and work in a team† while teachers act as classroom facilitators and coaches only. More than ever, the present time attests to the common saying that the only thing constant in this world is change. Every forthcoming change is almost uncertain. The educational system, entrusted with the knowledge and skills acquisition of the young must be keen to the clues of the changes in the environment from which the philosophies of education are culled. A very important component thus, of the learning system in addition to critical and analytical thinking, is problem-solving. Equipped with problem-solving tools along with the basics of education, the future citizenry are well prepared for any changes and uncertainties. Underlying all these efforts is a sure move towards the ideal in globalization that is, peaceful and positively developing the world without compromising nature while carefully addressing terrorism on the other through active intercultural understanding. The challenges of the uncertain future must be the shared responsibility of the public and private sector because every citizen’s being will be affected by the changes brought about by globalization. Gaps must not widen through the concerted effort of the haves and the have-nots. As globalization must go on beyond anyone or any nation’s control, every individual has a stake in it. Globalization is a promise of a better world although the risks may be dangerous to mankind if not averted; the challenges are high and costly but the world can make it work through cooperation; gaps can be narrowed through generous sharing. Works Cited Adams, J. Michael. â€Å"What is Global Education? † Farleigh Dickinson University President’s Update. 7 October 2004. 21 June 2009. http://www. fdu. edu/newpubs/presupdates/041007. html â€Å"Cisco, Intel and Microsoft Lead Collaboration to Improve Global Education Assessments. † Learning and Technology World Forum. 12-14 January 2009. 21 June 2009. http://www. latwf. org/latest_news-3. html â€Å"Philosophy and Definition. † Issues in Global Education – Global Education: A Worldwide Movement, Newsletter of the American Forum for Global Education. n. d. 21 June 2009. http://www. globaled. org/issues/150/c. html Scripps College: Globalization. Strategies and Initiatives, Strategy Two: Globalization. 21 June 2009 http://www. scrippscollege. edu/about/strategic-plan/globalization. php â€Å"The University of California Approaching the 21st Century† n. d. 21 June 2009. http://www. ucop. edu/ucophome/pres/WhitePaper/21stwp. html â€Å"UNESCO Forum on Higher Education, Research and Knowledge: Universities as Centers of Research and Knowledge Creation: An Endangered Species † United Nations University Institute of Advanced Studies Research Universities in the 21st Century: Global Challenges and Local Implications. 29 November to 1 December 2006. 21 June 2009. http://www. ias. unu. edu/sub_page. aspx? catID=35ddIID=181 Wagner, Tony. â€Å"The Global Achievement Gap. † Education Review. Rev. Brenda L. H. Marina and Hsiu-Lien Lu. 21 June 2009. 5 April 2009. http://www. asu. edu/reviews/rev788. htm Frost, Robert. North of Boston. 1915. Project Bartleby. Ed. Steven van Leeuwen. 1999. 29 October 1999 http://www. bartleby. com/118/index. html.