Hard High School How It Affects Your College Chances

Hard High School How It Affects Your College Chances SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Going to an intense secondary school can positively influence a portion of your exhibition measurements. It's normal to ponder whether these movements in your numbers are going to influence your odds of school confirmation. In this article, we spread what universities are truly worried about when they take a gander at your record, and we clarify why you don't should be concerned if your secondary school is particularly hard. What Is a Hard High School? There are a couple of reasons a secondary school may be considered hard. Typically, this is on the grounds that the school iscompetitive inside the understudy body; there are a great deal of understudies taking the extremely intense classes and doing admirably in them. Reviewing strategy is likewise a consideration.Hard schools are delayed to give out A's, though others for all intents and purposes toss them at any understudy in sight. Size can likewise affect how hard a secondary school has all the earmarks of being. At an enormous and serious school, it's difficult to get a top class rank-you're going up against a ton of others. At a little and serious school, it's difficult to get a decent percentile positioning on the grounds that a slight distinction in rank can mean a generally enormous percentile inconsistency. A hard secondary school is one where understudies who might somehow or another get top evaluations and top positioning make some hard memories doing as such, either in light of the fact that the reviewing is so extreme or in light of the fact that their friends are so serious. What Colleges Look At Numerous understudies worrythat the generally dull evaluations or positioning they accomplish at a hard school may appear to be unremarkable to universities. Essentially, they're apprehensive they won't look shrewd. They figure they won't have the option to get into their ideal college(s) on the grounds that they didn't an ideal GPA and graduate as valedictorian. For reasons unknown, universities, particularly the more specific ones, give a valiant effort to see youwithin the setting of yourhigh school condition. At the point when universities get your transcript, they additionally get a concise school profilewhichsummarizes the school regarding courses offered, the evaluating scale, normal evaluations and tests scores, and the class size. Affirmations officials will see that your school has extreme reviewing approaches and that a blemished GPA doesn't infer an absence of comprehension in your courses. Schools are hoping to see whether you searched out the most thorough courses accessible to you and whether you exceeded expectations in them. Likewise, remembercolleges are searching for the entire bundle. Evaluations are a tremendous piece of it, but at the same time they're seeing grades, extracurriculars, letters of suggestion, and individual explanations. Universities won't appoint (or dock) you focuses dependent on how troublesome your secondary school is-they'll put forth a valiant effort to be reasonable for understudies from all foundations. There areplenty of variables to weigh with regards to school affirmations. Approaches to Boost Your Application You're basically attempting to stand apart by methods for some aptitude or achievement. Responsibility to extracurricular undertakings is an incredible spot to begin. Quality trumps amount here; it's smarter to be profoundly associated with a couple of select exercises than scarcely engaged with an entire bundle. Heavenly application essaysalso score significant focuses. Invest genuine energy in your personalstatement, and get help changing and altering it. Ensure it has a parity of the individual and expert this is certainly not an insightful paper for a scholarly diary, yet it is anything but a journal section, either. Amazing letters of proposal establish an incredible connection. Pick your proposal writerscarefully. It's okay to help them to remember your achievements portray the focuses you'd like them to incorporate. Flawless grades get the attention. State sanctioned tests are an advantageous spot to sparkle. Put your time and vitality in getting ready for the SAT as well as ACT early. The Final Word You don't have to stress over a school looking down on you on account of your hard secondary school. The most specific universities invest additional energy taking a gander at the setting of your numbers, and the less particular schools are, well, less specific. All the better you can do is play out your best at the secondary school you join in. Take the hardest classes you can really oversee, and don't stress overmuch over how the subsequent evaluations will look. On the off chance that it so happens that you don't get into the school you'd sought after, recall there are various reasons why things might not have arranged; it's in all likelihood not a matter of the hard secondary school you joined in, however simply the aftermath of an amazingly and frequently unjustifiably particular framework. What's Next? Is it true that you are beginning on the school application process? Focus on the significant cutoff times recorded in our article on that subject. In case you're thinking about what sort of use you should submit, read what our specialists need to state about that very issue. Likewise look at this moving guideto how one understudy was effectively admitted to Harvard. Need to improve your SAT score by 160 or your ACT score by 4? We've composed a guide for each test about the main 5 systems you should use to have a taken shots at improving your score. Download it with the expectation of complimentary at this point:

Generation of Bio-energy from waste for power production - Samples

Question: Examine about the Generation of Bio-vitality from squander for power creation and manageable warmth Generation. Answer: Presentation Bio vitality or biomass is a sustainable power source asset that can be in created from any mechanical, agrarian or biogenic waste. From numerous years, biomass is being utilized because of which building up its application has been considered as a significant endeavor. Numerous techniques have been formed to change over waste into warmth and power for family unit reason and business use (Uslu, 2014). Bio-vitality creation process includes different strides from creation of feed stocks to end change. Whole procedure needs to confront different difficulties like utilization of land, treatment of synthetic compounds truly, transportation and decrease of related expenses. Numerous thermo-compound treatment advancements have been expanding so as to build the bio-vitality thickness and diminish dangers identified with transportation and last change (Den, 2016). This exploration paper will break down a designing examination subject relating age of bio-vitality from squander and legitimize the exploration hole by distinguishing it. Venture Scope In Australia, bio-vitality from squander is still being worked on however has extensive potential. Squander advancements after presentation of Act Waste Management Strategy 2011-2025 has became point of convergence for all ecological building and IT improvement firms for producing and researching new advances to change over squanders into energy(CEFC, 2015). Numerous financial specialists have additionally poured in as extent of exceptional yields is likewise noticeable. This cost serious vitality asset will likewise profit condition by diminishing squanders from environmental factors alongside increasing feasible warmth vitality and power. Writing Review So as to survey the above subject, different research papers and article have been explored to get point by point data about the change procedure. The discoveries from various papers show an outline challenge for the business, society and policy(Chung, 2013). Tending to manageability underway of bio vitality has created issues that require thought as ascent of oil and gas costs because of geographical factors and developing populace has affected the country harshly. Despite the fact that bio-vitality has incredible potential, ozone harming substance outflows are likewise a significant territory that requires to be focussed upon (WORLD ENERGY COUNCIL, 2016). While watching the transformation procedure, it was discovered that in Australia, primary purpose for acquainting bio vitality process was with diminish green house gas outflows and increment the use of bio fills and bio power in future (Rural Industries, 2013). Cutting edge innovations managing in change of non food part of biomass had broadly decreased green house outflows while making sure about present oil and gases and other non sustainable power source. Contingent upon the feed stock flexibly, the vitality from those squanders gives accessibility of base burden power and counterbalancing elective age from other sustainable power source assets (Mira, 2016). Applications supplanting elective waste removal frameworks lessen natural effects and removal costs by utilizing landfills. Dislodging petroleum derivative age by plants diminishes air contamination from hurtful gases like nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide and so forth. Hypotheses and utilizations of economical evaluation su rveys the issues while extending mechanical system and creating potential choices to actualize most reasonable procedure (OGL, 2013). As indicated by an ongoing review made it was discovered that about fifty million tons of urban waste is gathered each year in Australia in which almost half is reused and twenty million tons of it tops off the landfills. One million ton is just redirected for vitality or waste treatment which shows the potential for producing biomass in urban stream (OGL, 2013). Diverse waste approaches administers squander chain of command plans that advances reusing and asset recuperation over vitality from arranged materials. In spite of the fact that bio-vitality and waste innovation are considered as the most financially savvy path for creating vitality and lessening carbon emanations, it had not been sent adequately all through the world which proposes capability of putting resources into sustainable power source advancement industries(Science Daily, 2010). Supportable appraisals have approaches relying on strategies, culture, language and circumstance. Two fundamental methodologies that are used for feasible methodology are input based that accept certain contribution for wanted result and result based that screens and analyze framework factors and patterns that advances supporting articles and targets. At the point when the circumstances appear to be unsafe, both the methodologies don't guarantee creation of supportable results while if the two frameworks are adjusted to one another, frameworks become progressively unsurprising and settled. In all circumstances, framework is required to be installed in compelling manner permitting extension for development of the appraisal in future and using accessible assets to its fullest (Reed, 2016). Despite the fact that there are numerous focal points identified with bio-vitality yet there are scarcely any weaknesses likewise which has been recognized in the writing. Air quality after arrival of ozone harming substances by burning alongside unreasonable effect on water and soil assets are not many of the burdens discussed(Bauen, n.d.). Rural decrease in landfill encompassing zone alongside annihilation of progress in corrupted land is likewise a disadvantage of bio vitality creation process. Littler plants neglects to gracefully sufficient measure of vitality and transportation and other extra expenses for satisfying requests makes in general vitality framework all the more exorbitant and convoluted. Request of water in higher volume for innovation is another issue that can't be ignored (Den, 2016). Research Gap In above writing audit made, inquire about hole recognized is that by and by the strategies utilized for warmth and power creation like nearby planetary group, locale cooling framework or warmth siphons have not been referenced in present techniques for bio-vitality conversion(Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, n.d.). Right now, we can't comprehend why consolidating bio-vitality with other inexhaustible sources while creating vitality is finished. Using sun powered vitality and other warmth siphons have consistently had the option to furnish with the sustainable power source without having any dangerous ramifications. Subsequently this writing survey addresses present framework that why both these strategies have not been applied in bio-vitality framework for making the procedure increasingly effective and quick (Williams, n.d.). End The measure of bio-vitality transformations and its foundation to distinguish significant manageability issue relies upon the way toward utilizing common assets in various nations. Creating various techniques of eco modern procedures for introducing bio-vitality and biomass with the assistance of advances are as yet required to be created (Thrn, 2017). Thusly it tends to be said that maintainability of bio vitality relies to a great extent upon the objectives recognized and what activities or capacity to use science and innovation is embraced. Bio-vitality is one of the most significant advancements in designing and science field in which natural association is profoundly depended (Den, 2016). Anyway its downsides on human and condition lead to an inquiry whether bio-vitality framework is maintainable or different segments requires more investigation. Notwithstanding, biomass gives a spotlight to ad libbing and seeing progressively about supportability before expanding want for upgra ded result. References Bauen, A., n.d. Bioenergy a Sustainable and Reliable Energy Source MAIN REPORT. [Online] Available at: https://indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/records/Bioenergy_a%20sustainable_and_reliable_energy_source.pdf [Accessed 07 April 2018]. CEFC, 2015. The Australian bioenergy and vitality from squander showcase. [Online] Available at: https://www.cefc.com.au/media/107567/the-australian-bioenergy-and-vitality from-squander advertise cefc-showcase report.pdf [Accessed 07 April 2018]. Chung, J.N., 2013. Stupendous difficulties in bioenergy and biofuel explore: building and innovation advancement, ecological effect, and supportability. [Online] Available at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenrg.2013.00004/full [Accessed 07 April 2018]. Cave, J., 2016. Bioenergy for Electricity Generation. [Online] Available at: https://cns.utexas.edu/pictures/CNS/Jen_Den-Bioenergy.pdf [Accessed 07 April 2018]. Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, n.d. Branch of Biological and Environmental Engineering. [Online] Available at: https://www.a.u-tokyo.ac.jp/english/divisions/D-BEE.html [Accessed 07 April 2018]. Mira, X.J.a.D., 2016. BIOGAS Utilization FOR SUSTAINABLE POWER GENERATION. [Online] Available at: https://hpc4e.eu/news/biogas-usage reasonable force age [Accessed 07 April 2018]. OGL, 2013. Producing vitality from squander, including anaerobic absorption. [Online] Available at: https://www.gov.uk/direction/creating vitality from-squander including-anaerobic-processing [Accessed 07 April 2018]. Reed, V.S., 2016. Bioenergy: Renewable, Sustainable, Attainable. [Online] Available at: https://www.energy.gov/eere/articles/bioenergy-inexhaustible reasonable achievable [Accessed 07 April 2018]. Country Industries, 2013. Bioenergy industry in Australia. [Online] Available at: https://biomassproducer.com.au/about/about-the-business/#.WsiTDtRubcs [Accessed 07 April 2018]. Science Daily, 2010. Architects find noteworthy natural contacts with green growth based biofuel. [Online] Available at: https://www.sciencedaily.com/discharges/2010/01/100121135856.htm [Accessed 07 April 2018]. Thrn, P.D.- I.D., 2017. Branch of Bioenergy. [Online] Available at: https://www.ufz.de/index.php?en=34237 [Accessed 07 April 2018]. Uslu, A., 2014. Bioenergy force and warmth age. [Online] Available at: https://setis.ec.europa.eu/vitality examine/destinations/default/documents/librar

Case Analysis in Light of the Criminal Justice Models †Free Samples

Question: Examine about the Case Analysis in Light of the Criminal Justice Models. Answer: The Crime Control Model As indicated by this model, a great deal of accentuation is made on the lawmaking body and not the courts since it approves authority. For this situation, the model acknowledges the dependence put on the criminal endorses by the assemblies. In such an example, we expect that the introduced criminal assent is a flat out underwriter of social opportunity just as being vital for the support of open request. The presumption prompting the illustrated end is that police examinations or indictments might control violations. In any case, the truth set up is that with the availablelaw requirement assets are taken to continue with speed and irrevocability. Certainty discovering forms are finished by the police in the station-houses and boulevards and not by judges or legal advisors in the courts. In any case, the police happen not to be with legitimate blame through proof that is permissible as required. The police is given insightful powers and could have utilized the equivalent to set up whe ther the suspect is really blameworthy or not. It is sufficiently accurate to solicit whether the admission from the blamed is problematic (Joab). We are less keen on the preliminary with regards to this model since the fundamental concern is in the managerial phases of actuality finding. The examiner is anyway viewed as in the best situation in assessing the amassed proof and give a proper choice. Police and miners the same are required not to burn through their time that is constrained on those viewed as blameless. In this manner, the preliminary appointed authority is required to acknowledge blameworthy supplications as opposed to inquisitive into the requests real exactness or if the denounced had barrier. Fair treatment Model For this situation, we start with distrust concerning the utility and ethical quality of the approval. Such doubt will be founded on values that are liberal with respect to the supremacy of the denounced just as the corresponding idea in regards to legitimate force constraint. It ought to likewise be noticed that less accentuation is put on liable supplications just as the proficiency of the procedure. Balance is likewise foremost as in the charged need to get equivalent treatment with respect to the avocations. The privileges of the denounced should then be ensured since in that manner, the presumption made is that the fair treatment rights are too secured. The criminal cases should, subsequently, not be viewed as a bipolar issue between the denounced and the state. This procedure forces a few restrictions on the police so the speculates rights are secured. The casual truth discovering forms are likewise constrained for this situation. It is unlawful for the police to capture a pers on as a method for building up their case. Example where there is correspondence between the charged and the police, the person who is blamed should be educated to his right side to get and contact counsel just as be quiet. The criminal procedure ought not, in any example, have whatever difference in its assets between the charged and the state during the hour of the capture. Proclamations that are taken without an away from waiver of the accuseds rights need not to be prohibited from any resulting criminal preliminary. Along these lines, the denounced is shielded from self-implication that is out of line. A Roller Coaster Model For this situation we react to the current deficiencies of the states capacity to control violations in a manner that secures just as serve the people in question. There is an emergency, for our situation on the grounds that there is a need that is seen with respect to the shielding of the criminal authorization from difficulties of due procedures. In an ordinary manner, we need to see the potential casualties as being deserving of some regard. The criminal assents guard recreates the suspicion of wrongdoing control. Such is that the criminallaw has the chance of controlling wrongdoing. The interest presented by casualties for criminal approval ought to concentrate on their equivalent assurance by the law. A few examinations on exploitation appear, exactly how much the current frameworks have fizzled. Casualties are featured to be abuseed inside such frameworks. In the event that, under any methods, a wrongdoing happens, this model should guarantee that recuperating and equity are ma intained. A Circle Model This is one more course towards guaranteeing that casualties are legitimately treated. This circle model is very not quite the same as the crazy ride model. While the Roller Coaster model has its dependence on insufficient criminal assent and furthermore countering cases of fair treatment, the Circle Model guarantees that remedial equity is gotten in circumstances where wrongdoings happen. The model speaks to the rebuilding and counteraction forms. For this situation, the model shows through a gated network just as private police powers. Another way is by means of neighborhood watch which must be fruitful. For a situation whereby a wrongdoing happens, we expect to realize recuperating, helpful equity and pay. For this situation, stress is made on casualties needs as opposed to their privileges. What the model looks for is to limit the agony of discipline and exploitation. As indicated by inquire about exercises on exploitation, significant levels of bad form and unreported crimes are because of social strategy disappointments. Dissimilar to different models that go for the correctional form of the privileges of casualties, unreported wrongdoing doesn't get consequently saw with any kind of caution (Roach). Casualties, as per this model, are non-corrective with regards to the choices they make related with not detailing wrongdoings to the police. There is, nonetheless, some piece of non-detailing that is identified with the inhospitality and deficiency of frameworks of criminal equity just as fears of counter from the guilty parties. Likewise, as in the model of wrongdoing control, the police are not as worried about lawful blame through permissible proof as would be normal. Police likewise have the insightful powers here and could, along these lines, utilize the equivalent to set up whether the suspect is verifiably liable or not. The preliminary is somewhat significant with regards to this model. References Joab. Criminal Law and Process . Criminology (2006): 4-13. Cockroach, Kent. Four Models of the Criminal Process . Criminal Law and Criminology (1999): 2-47.

Organizational Behavior Essay #2 - 550 Words

Organizational Behavior Essay #2 (Essay Sample) Content: Organizational behaviorAuthors nameInstitution nameOrganizational behaviorIntroduction Organizational behavior refers to the behavioral aspect which results from human influence within an organizational setup. In order to ensure work is done in an organized way, structures are put in place to guarantee good coexistence between different stakeholders with various opinions. Its aimed at facilitating communication without which much is unlikely to realize gains within the anticipated time. There is a need to encourage participation among staffs; this is achievable when all acknowledge cooperation. The management plays a crucial role while managing the entire process, thus ensuring discipline through well laid structures. Those found to contravene such privileges are forced to account for their actions. Such measures are able to assist organizations, thus limit the number of times they are more likely to find themselves in a fix due to reluctance which could limit their e ffort. Organizations are therefore forced to adopt certain practices in line with the industry demands (Schermerhorn, Osborn Hunt, 2000). Some are at times compelled to cling to certain values but still bound to embrace a unique approach. In the past, the management was keener on ensuring high productivity at the expense of other considerations, such as the need to facilitate proper wages which could boost the morale of staffs, it is however not the only consideration owing to staffs being driven by emotion. This is able to affect the entire output in the long run, thus damage their productivity.Different approaches in global management practices Organizations do at times differ in perspectives; this is due to the kind of routines adopted, and ultimately contributes to the formation of unique organizational cultures. This explains why most organizations prefer sourcing for managers from different backgrounds. It could however pose a challenge owing to different cultures. Its likely to take long before eventually materializing but could as well act as a setback at times. The background culture of an individual plays a great role in shaping how he perceives life, this is exhibited when a manager of the American culture is more keen on ensuring his decision to have a software project is implemented within a short span of time. In contrast to this, an Indian counterpart was of a different view. He knew this was likely to take more than four months as opposed to three weeks. Such knowledge was as a result of experience as demonstrated at the global sphere largely because the Eastern countries have developed an enterprising culture, thus leading to the growth of software development as opposed to the west. The American culture is however so strict and usually emphasizes on the need to embrace discipline and accountability (Brett, Behfar, Kern, 2006). This has contributed to the development of personal zeal towards results. The need to embrace globalization has how ever transformed how managers perceive things now that they are forced to merge their initiative according to the expectation. At times its not easy to find a common ground, but while working hard to accomplish their objective, this is bound to happen. A lot of effort is spent trying to understand the diverse nature of the market, thus is able to come up with concrete plans to address the situation. Some managers are likely to embrace protectionism as a way to caution their businesses, this however limits the level of competitiveness implying low business is done in the long run. It also explains why Asian economies continue to thrive in relation to western economies. The Eastern culture is more result oriented, at times a lot of effort is made to meet the market demand but can as well take into account the entire need without only focusing on a particular need in the market. Goods are likely to cost fairly cheap as opposed to the west where a lot of attention is given to quality wi thout compromise. At a global scale a move to ensure the market need is met has impacted the world while offering the much needed goods at an affordable price, which led to high sales. Managers from this region are more practical and patient enough to wait till they achieve their objective (Skitmore, 2002). Barriers to effective communication The management has come to acknowledge how significant organizational behavior has become of late basically because it equips them with the desired skills while administering their duty. They are better placed to learn more about leadership, without which their effort can be rendered ineffective. Apart from just carrying out their leadership roles, they are still expected to arrive to concrete decision making while still liaising with staffs in order to encourage teamwork. Staffs are however prone to contribute much when motivated only signifying its importance. Apart from just playing their traditional role, which in this case focuses on mana ging and distributing the resources, they also are keen to understand the motive behind certain behavior (Hogan Stubbs, 2003). One of the major reasons leading to this was because staffs tend to be carried away by emotion which in turn can affect their contribution towards production. Some may fail to be attentive or rather embrace a different view, but could as well arise owing to poor communication. This explains why work cultures differ among organizations and could as well contribute to the formation of unique behaviors owing to regular exposure to certain norms. The management ought to understand how limitations come about and how to deal with them. This was after a realization that effort alone isnt enough to accomplish much, but is likely to be realized while valuing team works a lot. Managers ought to interact well on an individual as well as group levels, because different people differ greatly implying... Organizational Behavior Essay #2 - 550 Words Organizational Behavior Essay #2 (Essay Sample) Content: Organizational behaviorAuthors nameInstitution nameOrganizational behaviorIntroduction Organizational behavior refers to the behavioral aspect which results from human influence within an organizational setup. In order to ensure work is done in an organized way, structures are put in place to guarantee good coexistence between different stakeholders with various opinions. Its aimed at facilitating communication without which much is unlikely to realize gains within the anticipated time. There is a need to encourage participation among staffs; this is achievable when all acknowledge cooperation. The management plays a crucial role while managing the entire process, thus ensuring discipline through well laid structures. Those found to contravene such privileges are forced to account for their actions. Such measures are able to assist organizations, thus limit the number of times they are more likely to find themselves in a fix due to reluctance which could limit their e ffort. Organizations are therefore forced to adopt certain practices in line with the industry demands (Schermerhorn, Osborn Hunt, 2000). Some are at times compelled to cling to certain values but still bound to embrace a unique approach. In the past, the management was keener on ensuring high productivity at the expense of other considerations, such as the need to facilitate proper wages which could boost the morale of staffs, it is however not the only consideration owing to staffs being driven by emotion. This is able to affect the entire output in the long run, thus damage their productivity.Different approaches in global management practices Organizations do at times differ in perspectives; this is due to the kind of routines adopted, and ultimately contributes to the formation of unique organizational cultures. This explains why most organizations prefer sourcing for managers from different backgrounds. It could however pose a challenge owing to different cultures. Its likely to take long before eventually materializing but could as well act as a setback at times. The background culture of an individual plays a great role in shaping how he perceives life, this is exhibited when a manager of the American culture is more keen on ensuring his decision to have a software project is implemented within a short span of time. In contrast to this, an Indian counterpart was of a different view. He knew this was likely to take more than four months as opposed to three weeks. Such knowledge was as a result of experience as demonstrated at the global sphere largely because the Eastern countries have developed an enterprising culture, thus leading to the growth of software development as opposed to the west. The American culture is however so strict and usually emphasizes on the need to embrace discipline and accountability (Brett, Behfar, Kern, 2006). This has contributed to the development of personal zeal towards results. The need to embrace globalization has how ever transformed how managers perceive things now that they are forced to merge their initiative according to the expectation. At times its not easy to find a common ground, but while working hard to accomplish their objective, this is bound to happen. A lot of effort is spent trying to understand the diverse nature of the market, thus is able to come up with concrete plans to address the situation. Some managers are likely to embrace protectionism as a way to caution their businesses, this however limits the level of competitiveness implying low business is done in the long run. It also explains why Asian economies continue to thrive in relation to western economies. The Eastern culture is more result oriented, at times a lot of effort is made to meet the market demand but can as well take into account the entire need without only focusing on a particular need in the market. Goods are likely to cost fairly cheap as opposed to the west where a lot of attention is given to quality wi thout compromise. At a global scale a move to ensure the market need is met has impacted the world while offering the much needed goods at an affordable price, which led to high sales. Managers from this region are more practical and patient enough to wait till they achieve their objective (Skitmore, 2002). Barriers to effective communication The management has come to acknowledge how significant organizational behavior has become of late basically because it equips them with the desired skills while administering their duty. They are better placed to learn more about leadership, without which their effort can be rendered ineffective. Apart from just carrying out their leadership roles, they are still expected to arrive to concrete decision making while still liaising with staffs in order to encourage teamwork. Staffs are however prone to contribute much when motivated only signifying its importance. Apart from just playing their traditional role, which in this case focuses on mana ging and distributing the resources, they also are keen to understand the motive behind certain behavior (Hogan Stubbs, 2003). One of the major reasons leading to this was because staffs tend to be carried away by emotion which in turn can affect their contribution towards production. Some may fail to be attentive or rather embrace a different view, but could as well arise owing to poor communication. This explains why work cultures differ among organizations and could as well contribute to the formation of unique behaviors owing to regular exposure to certain norms. The management ought to understand how limitations come about and how to deal with them. This was after a realization that effort alone isnt enough to accomplish much, but is likely to be realized while valuing team works a lot. Managers ought to interact well on an individual as well as group levels, because different people differ greatly implying...

The Spread of Islam Essay - 797 Words

Islam is a major world religion. Its origin can be traced back to 610 CE in Arabia. The basis of this religion is the revelations to the prophet Mohammad. Dissatisfied with his life, he traveled to deserts, hills, and the wilderness surrounding Mecca, where he lived, to meditate and reflect. He became a new man through his revelations, which many of his followers believe Allah transmitted to him through his angel Gabriel. Islam was originally an Arab religion, but many different beliefs and practices were added to it, making it extremely popular and aiding in its rapid spread. This new religion spread to many different areas surrounding Arabia, both under Mohammad and after his death. The Muslim Empire grew to encompass Spain and†¦show more content†¦(Document 8) Mohammed offered alternatives to leaders of Christian tribes. He told them that they either had to convert to Islam or pay tribute, or money, in return for protection on the condition of the acceptance of Is lam. If they obeyed the Lord and Mohammed, then the Muslim armies would defend them. However, if the tribes opposed or displeased them, there would be a cruel, brutal war between the two groups in which children would be taken captive and the elderly would be killed. Though these attacks were viewed as cruel and merciless by the Christians, the Muslims viewed this as act of self-defense. They felt these attacks were necessary because they had to fight their enemies in the name of God and live according to the example of their prophet, Mohammed. (Documents 1, 5, and 6) The Quran offers specific instructions for its followers which pertain to conversions of others and the results of believing in the Quran or not. The Quran states that the Islamic people either do battle with those who do not believe, or they must convert to Islam. It says that whoever obeys God and His Apostle (Mohammed) shall be brought to Paradise, but those who do not believe or follow their teachings will be punished. This means that if the Muslims did not engage in these wars with the Christians and others of non-Islamic faith they would be punished. These wars were brutal and merciless. The Muslims killed everyone in sight and tookShow MoreRelatedSpread of Islam1307 Words   |  6 Pages Spread of Islam Andrew Lowery HIS 275/CA September18, 2014 Kerrin Conroy Spread of Islam Islam is not only one of the three major monotheistic religions in the world today, it is also it is the fastest growing. Additionally, political conflict between Islamic groups and the West play out on the international stage like the latest of the Crusades. The message of the Prophet Mohammad has been distorted and misunderstood by those outside of Islam who see only a religion of hatred. Islam didRead MoreThe Rise and Spread of Islam1129 Words   |  5 PagesThe Rise and Spread of Islam The world you once knew is falling to ashes and food is become such a scarcity that people are fighting over a few pieces of bread. 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Plato And His Influences On Plato s Philosophy - 1370 Words

Plato and His Influences’ Plato and His Influences’ Plato was a philosopher of ancient Greek in Athens, Greece who was born in 427bce and die in 347, both of his parents are from Greek aristocracy. He is the founder of the Academy, the first institution in the Western world and best known for his works of unparalleled influence. Plato is considered to have laid the foundation of Western philosophy and science. He was a teacher of Aristotle, his most famous student and Plato was influenced by many philosophers, named Socrates, Parmenides, Pythagoras, Heraclitus, although he was a student of Socrates. Each philosopher had their own impact on Platonic ideas or theory. Heraclitus influenced†¦show more content†¦He was well known for the western philosophy development. One major belief is his theory of the Forms, the Forms was divided between the intelligible world and the visible world. The intelligible world is at the top of the form list, it is divided into reason/knowledge and concepts/understanding. Whereas, the visible world was at the bottom half and is divided into objects/beliefs and images/opinion. Everything that is above the line is more real and true than everything under the line. Plato thinks â€Å"that the world of ideas is the only constant and the perceived world through our senses is deceptive and changeable†. He also traveled to many places teaching rhetoric . Rhetoric is the form of persuasion use of speech or to convince people of things. There is no part of the world that was not influenced by the thinking of Plato like his hometown of Athens, the Byzantine Empire and the Islamic world, and Europe with the Romantic era and Renaissance. The impact Plato had in Athens was his philosophical school, which he founded in the grove of the Greek hero Academus. At the Academy was the center and inspiration for most of his writings including his dialogues. The school flourished for nearly three centuries following his death, but was destroyed by the Roman general in 86 B.C., (History.com Staff,2009). This led for his teaching to move to the eastern part of the Mediterranean with the Byzantine Empire and the Islamic world.Show MoreRelatedPersonal Philosophy : Al Farabi1684 Words   |  7 Pagesis credited with preserving the original Greek texts during the Middle Ages because of his commentaries and treaties, and influencing many prominent philosophers, like Ibn Sina. Through his works, he became well known in the East as well as the West. Al Farabi’s philosophy was heavily influenced by Greek philosophy just like how western philosophy was influenced by Greek philosophy. Specifically, Aristotle, Plato, and Socrates were the main Greek influencers of Al Farabi. Al Farabi as well as Ibn SinaRead MoreStudent Teacher1669 Words   |  7 PagesThe relationship that a teacher and student share is of trust, respect and devotion. 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Interest Theory and what of the Role of Regulators

Question: Discuss about the Interest Theory and what of the Role of Regulators. Answer: Introduction: The environment, ecosystem on the earth and the biodiversity is directly and indirectly impacted by the operations of the organization. In the given case study, the operational process of the mining firm named British Petroleum Limited has been discussed. It is clearly depicted in the case study that the firm is directly causing and damaging the ecosystem. There are three issues concerning the British petroleum on the basis of the case study. The entire marine ecosystem is entirely affected by the oil spill and secondly there is an obstruction in identifying the restoration expense. This is mainly due to the lack of the doctoral process of the firm. The third and the last issue faced by the organization is that there is lack of incorporation in the services of the ecosystem in the procedure of managing the risks of the firm (Al-Htaybat et al. 2013). The report is prepared for the assessment of the harmful impacts on the ecosystem and environment of the BHP Billiton. Report objective: There is incapability on part of BHP Billiton in the identification of the restoration expense as per the case study. As a result of this, the organization is measuring the harms caused to the ecosystem and biodiversity due to its operations using the monetary value. However, it is facing difficulty in measuring the social damage caused as it does not take account of the ecological loss and wealth as an important factor. For calculating the valuation of the damage caused by the oil spills, it is required by the company to have huge attention. This is so because oil spills are regarded as the non-marketed goods. British government has made BHP Billiton liable for bearing the expenditures and the cost of cleaning up the damage that resulted from the oil spills (Baker and Burlaud 2015). Nevertheless, it was not clearly portrayed by the British Petroleum about the harms that is caused to the social and ecological wealth (Groot and Selto 2013). In light of the above mentioned facts taken from the case study, the objective of the report is to make the organization well acquainted about the damages it caused to the social and ecological wealth because of oil spills. Issues identified and their importance: There are three issues identified and discussed in detailed and they are as follows: Obstruction in the process of identifying the restoration expense due to the lack of dictatorial framework of the government. Oil spill impact on the entire marine ecosystem Lacking of the biodiversity and the incorporation of the ecosystem in the procedures of managing the risk of the organization. Research methodologies: Researchers can discuss the above mentioned issues in details by collecting the various data and the required information from the secondary and the primary sources. In conducting the primary research, the research has to collect the data directly from the field of enquiry that is telephonic interview or the face-to-face questionings (Baxter 2014). The questionnaire forms the basis of the qualitative interview and there can also be the qualitative analysis provided by other means. Assumptions and constraints: While conducting the research, the researchers can gather the information from the perception of the residents and the locality in the area of the operations of the BHP Billiton. Information can also be collected from the BHP Billiton employees by performing the survey and conducting the feedback. Few constraints would also be faced by the researcher in carrying out the research. This would include the process of collection and irrelevant data provided by the employees, which may not be the representative. Participation in the survey conducted by the researcher, the employees might also face the dilemma. Discussion: Effect of the oil spill on the entire marine system: Oil spill is the man made damage that hamper the environment and is regarded as one kind of pollution. Incidental and accidental are the two types of the oil spill damage that can occur. Accidental spills are caused accidentally and on the other hand, the incidental spills are those which occur due to ignorance and it is due to the carelessness, ignorance and negligence. Oil spills are considered as overwhelming because of its direct influence of the ecosystem of the marine life system. Therefore, it is liable on the part of the BHP Billiton to bear the expenses concerning the cleaning up of the water. However, the firm is not willing to disclose the damage caused to the environment and the ecosystem because of their own fault. Becker et al. (2014) stated that the damage caused to the loss of the oil spills faced with the difficulty in quantifying. In the case study presented, the organization is valuing the loss cased in terms of money and value. Moreover, this valuation also does n ot reveal the exact damage caused to the environment. The various issues faced by the organization is mainly due to the fact that there is no perfect basis of measurement for valuing the loss or the damage caused to the services and the goods due to spill. Procedure for managing the risks of BHP Billiton lacks incorporation of ecosystem: The shareholders trustworthiness of the shareholders is reflected in the ethical standard and the morale of the British Petroleum. Therefore, it is the responsibility of the organization to be liable for preserving the social and ecological wealth of the environment and ecosystem. In addition to this, the environmental reporting and the standards of accounting should be incorporated into the business activities of the corporations. This would help them in making the responsible reporting towards the stakeholders. The association among the employees, corporate system, ecosystem and environment is impended by customizing the standards of environmental accounting (Penman 2013). The preparation of the standard of the environmental accounting is regarded as a crucial factor because the operations of the various business activities has the negative impact on the environment. In order for the business to run successfully and continuously, environmental accounting standards should be incorpo rated within the reporting of the various business activities. Issues in identification of the restoration expense: With the help of process of political bargaining, the penalties scale of the most of the petroleum companies are cracked for the damaging of the social and ecological wealth. However. The process is not regarded as accurate. For the evaluation of the related risk, it is mandatory by the organization according to the process oriented structure. In addition to this, this particular process also helps in alleviating the obstacles in a perfect manner. There is a need for the specified approach to shift to the procedures from the regulators. Main reason attributable to the oil spill by the BHP Billiton Limited is the failure of the dictatorial agency in order to serve the account of the ecosystem in detail. The crucial factor in judging the effort for scaling up the procedures of the restoration of the economic and ecological properties is revealed by the data (Quinn 2014). These are shortly impaired. Identification of the expense concerning restoration is damaged due to the lack of the d ictatorial firm. Therefore, there is a need for incorporation of the procedure oriented structure. Methodology Procedures: Research process will get incorporated into the primary and the secondary methodologies. The data from the employees will be collected by distributing the questionnaires among the participants that is the employees of the British Petroleum and the localities of the Gulf. When collecting the secondary research, the information will be collected from the secondary source that is journals, articles and websites of the firm (Craig and Michaela 2014). Size of sample: In conducting the research, a fixed sample size of 120 inhabitants of the Gulf localities sand residents and 60 staffs of Employees of British petroleum are selected randomly. This would help in the perfect and easier computation of the analysis. Selection criteria: The analysis of the research questions of the study conducted, simple technique of random sampling is considered by the researcher. Under the study conducted here, the researcher has highlighted the probability sampling technique in order to carry to the research. Analysis of data: Oil spill impact on the ecosystem: On the basis of the information gathered from the employees of the British petroleum, it has been depicted that there are various types of oil spills that is caused by the operating activities of the business. Figure 1: Different types of oil spills (Source: Baxter 2014) As depicted by the chart above, there are various types of the oil spills caused by the operations of the different organization. The chart also depicts the percentage. The impact of the oil spill on the environment can be understood in a better way using this. Managing the risk of the BHP Billiton: The accidental spills occurring in the ocean is due to the lack of the services of the ecosystem that helps in the risk management. It can be represented by the following chart. Figure 2: Major Accidental Oil Spills (Source: Rogers and Van 2013) It has been found from the data gathered from the inhabitants of the Gulf residents that the moratorium of deep water is chiefly influenced by the oil spills (Dyckman and Zeff 2015). The following graphs depicts the rating of the other influences of the oil spills. Figure 3: Oil spills influence: (Source: Hahn and Khnen 2013) Restoration expense identification: Based on the oil demand and the data gathered from the employees of the BHP Billiton Limited, it is depicted by the graph the rise in the supply of oil. Figure 4: Supply and demand of oil: (Source: Beams et al. 2015) It has been depicted from the information gathered from the employees of the staffs the various process solves the level of damaging the ecological and social. This is implemented by the process of collective bargaining. Restoration expense is identified by the pie charts that depicts the lack of dictatorial frame of the organization. Figure 5: Lack of Dictatorial Frame (Source: Van Mourik 2014) Accuracy of data: The study has been performed by gathering the accurate data from the primary and the secondary resources. Researcher has also used the collected information for the rationale. Information collected and the data gathered will not be used by the researcher. Participants can place their trust on the researcher and their individual belief would not be revealed. Recommendation: It is recommended for the BHP Billiton Limited to incorporate and adopt the accounting standards in its environmental reporting. Organization also needs to revise its standards of sustainability reporting so that several measures are taken to preserve the biodiversity. Considering the oil spills, it should also take remedial measures for biodiversity protection. Conclusion: From the above detailed discussion and analysis of the oil spill damages caused by the BHP Billiton and the reportings of the accounting , it can be concluded that the organization needs to be prepared for facing and bearing the loss caused by the damages. The incidental oil spills of the organization has the negative influence on the social and ecological wealth and it has also been due to the negligence of staffs. In addition to this, it is also concluded that amount of fines paid by the firm to the government are not satisfied or compensating the loss made by the organization to the environment. Reference: Al-Htaybat, K. and von Alberti-Alhtaybat, L., 2013. Management Accounting Theory Revisited: Seeking to Increase Research Relevance.International Journal of Business and Management,8(18), p.12. Baker, C.R. and Burlaud, A., 2015. The historical evolution from accounting theory to conceptual framework in financial standards setting.The CPA Journal,85(8), p.54. Baxter, W.T., 2014.Accounting theory. Routledge. Beams, F.A., Anthony, J.H., Bettinghaus, B. and Smith, K., 2015.Beams: Advanced Accounting. Pearson Higher Ed. Craig, D. and Michaela, R., 2014. Financial accounting theory. Dyckman, T.R. and Zeff, S.A., 2015. Accounting Research: Past, Present, and Future.Abacus,51(4), pp.511-524. Gow, I.D., Larcker, D.F. and Reiss, P.C., 2016. Causal inference in accounting research.Journal of Accounting Research,54(2), pp.477-523. Groot, T. and Selto, F., 2013.Advanced management accounting. Pearson Higher Ed. Hahn, R. and Khnen, M., 2013. Determinants of sustainability reporting: a review of results, trends, theory, and opportunities in an expanding field of research.Journal of Cleaner Production,59, pp.5-21. Kaplan, R.S. and Atkinson, A.A., 2015.Advanced management accounting. PHI Learning. Miihkinen, A., 2014. The Routledge Companion to Accounting, Reporting and Regulation.Accounting in Europe,11(2), pp.273-277. Penman, S., 2013. Accounting standard setting: Thoughts on developing a conceptual framework.China Journal of Accounting Studies,1(3-4), pp.157-167. Penman, S., 2015. Valuation models: An issue of accounting theory. Quinn Jr, E., 2014. The Evolution of Accounting Theory in Response to Market Changes.International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences,4(10), p.509. Rogers, J.L. and Van Buskirk, A., 2013. Bundled forecasts in empirical accounting research.Journal of Accounting and Economics,55(1), pp.43-65. Van Mourik, C., 2014. Fundamental issues in financial accounting and reporting theory. Routledge.

Life in Silence free essay sample

Nothing in the room moved. I looked up, stared at my friends, and looked back down at my knees. In a matter of seconds something in the room had changed. We had gone from laughing and joking to sitting in complete and utter silence. I looked up again. A quick furtive glance and then it was back to my knees. Two of my friends sat talking quietly to each other. They stopped, paused, and with surprising ease, broke the silence with â€Å"Hey, take my iPod. I really want to hear†¦Ã¢â‚¬  but were cut off before the end of the sentence. The response that bounced back was â€Å"Shhh, I want to hear the rest of this song first.† Song? I thought to myself. What song? The silence that draped over us was music, but how could it be? All it was was, well, silence. For a short time no one moved again. We will write a custom essay sample on Life in Silence or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page And then the room’s atmosphere changed and swirled around me once again. Someone mindlessly grabbed the cord hanging from the stereo, plugged in their mp3 player, and pushed play. Secluded in the silence of my thoughts, I made myself comfortable on couch I was sitting on, leaned back, and started to think. I thought back to when I used to play the cello and asked my instructor why there were rest notes in the piece were learning. At the time, only the first half of her response resonated with me. She told me rest notes were there so I could take a break and then jump back into the music. That made sense to me. My fingers were tired and I could have used a break. But she was not finished talking. She went on to tell me that the silence was just as musical as the rest of the piece. She told me that I should play the rest notes with as much energy and vigor as I would any other note. At the time, I shrugged off her words as I pushed my eight-year-old frame as far away from my cello as my seat would allow me. I had forgotten my conversation with my cello instructor until that moment and, once I remembered, was mystified. The song we were listening to, which I later found out was entitled â€Å"Two Minutes of Silence,† had been comprised entirely of notes. John Lennon had made a conscious choice to eliminate all sound from the piece of music. He was making a point. Too often my life has been filled silence with unnecessary sound. Given the commotion and bustle of daily life, there are times in which I forget to slow down and think. We must rest but we must not cease thinking. As I leaned back in my seat on the couch, I learned to sit back and start to rationalize the flurry of notes that came before. It is during these moments that thoughts crystallize and become clear.

Questions you most wanted to ask about tree planting and need immediately

Questions you most wanted to ask about tree planting and need immediately Planting a tree can have tremendous influences on communities. Tree planting improves our environment. Planting a tree can add to our incomes and decrease energy costs. To plant a tree can enhance our quality of life and improve our health. I cant think of many things that touch us so completely as does planting a tree. My point is, we need trees to be planted! Q: How do you plant a seedling or sapling?A: There are actually two major methods of tree planting. One is planting a tree with an intact root ball. The trees can either be bound by fabric and string or potted in a plastic container. These trees are designed to plant...read more. Q: When is the season for planting trees?A: Bare-root tree planting is done during dormant winter months, most often after December 15th but before March 31st. Q: Do I really need to mulch my new tree?A: New seedlings and saplings need plenty of moisture. Lack of water is the main cause of severe stress to newly planted trees. Mulch is a trees best friend. Q: How do I know I am ready to plant a tree?A: Are you prepared to plant and rear a healthy tree? Take this tree wellness quiz to see just how prepared you are to successfully raise a healthy tree...read more. Q: Where can I buy trees to plant?A: Trees can be purchased in most states at private, industry and government nurseries. You need to check with your state forester for specific sources suited for your planting area...read more. Q: Where can I buy tree planting equipment?A: Before you begin a big planting job you need to purchase the right planting equipment. Using proper equipment correctly will insure proper planting and will be easier on the planter...read more. Q: Where should you plant a seedling or sapling?A:Use common sense when planting a tree. If the tree is expected to grow tall or expand widely give it the room it needs for future growth. Understanding species moisture, light and soil needs is extremely important. Q: What are root balled tree saplings?A:Root balled saplings are usually older than two to three year-old seedlings and are dug from commercial or government nursery plots. They are delivered individually with roots covered by an earth ball enclosing. Q: What are bare-root tree seedlings?A: Bare-root seedlings are usually two to three-year-old trees and lifted from commercial or government nursery beds. They are delivered in bulk with roots covered in only a very moist medium or slurry. Q: How many trees are planted in the United States?A: Hundreds of nurseries in the United States grow over 1.5 billion trees annually, which reforests nearly three million acres. This number represents over six trees.

Definition of Corruption Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Definition of Corruption - Literature review Example Such public servants take bribes before offering services to the large population that needs attention from them. The practice is high in government offices that deal with the processing of documents and public hospitals. Grand corruption This form of corruption is rampant in the highest ranks of the government. It is mostly perpetuated by high-ranking officials and is highly visible in authoritarian and dictatorial government settings. However, emerging democracies have embraced the division of labor in the government thus trying to combat the vice. The executive, judiciary and the legislature are therefore allowed to operate independently from each other. Systemic corruption This occurs where there is a widespread of corruption activities in the society mainly caused by weaknesses of an organization or governance process. It is encouraged by low pay in organizations, lack of honesty, impunity, monopolistic governance, discretional powers, and conflicting incentives. It includes ext ortion, embezzlement, and bribery of public officials. In this occurrence, corruption becomes a necessity for survival. The spread of corruption Corruption is widespread in society. It has corroded every aspect of our society ranging from government institutions to private institutions. Joseph in the book political corruption describes all institutions as being corrupt from the core (42). Right from childhood, children become corrupt because of the examples they see from the older generations. Hence, corruption can be said to be a deep-rooted problem in the society Philosophical issues related to corruption Corruption is a social problem in the world today. Due to corruption, innocent people suffer at the expense of corrupt leaders. Corruption has led to the following: Increase in poverty in the society Corruption is a game of survival for the fittest. The corrupt individuals are able to increase their income and safeguard their wealth as compared to middle class individuals. This h as led to increase in the gap between the rich and the poor. In countries where corruption is widespread, the level of economic development is very slow because funds that could have been used in the developments are lost. Hence, such countries remain poor. Lack of good health care and education In most of the developing countries, corruption has led to the under-utilization of government funds. Such funds could have assisted in the provision of health care. Most public hospitals are therefore left without medicines and qualified doctors. economic

To what degree is Evolutionary Psychology successful in providing Essay

To what degree is Evolutionary Psychology successful in providing reductive explanations of human behaviour - Essay Example Jealous rages, for instance can easily be justified as a means to protect reproductive access and ensure that your own resources only go to your own offspring; protecting your own investment. (Buss, 2000), (Downes, 2001) Many anti-social behaviors can be justified in the interest of mere individial prosperity in a world of nature 'red in tooth and claw' as it were. Base survival for one organism is not sufficient for long-term evolutionary success. Those that most influence future generations genetically would then exhibit behavioral mechanisms that encourage efficient transmission of their genes, and maximize survival of offspring; which often means, in a context of limited resources hostility against one's own kind.Extremes of this behavior can be found in species ranging from polar bears to mice, where death of newborns at the hands of competing males is instinctual, so that one's own offspring have priority access to the resources of survival. (Derocher, et al. 1999) But in contr ast, any discussion of evolutionary psychology and its reductionary behavioral 2 implications would of course be incomplete without a discussion concerning altruism. Altruistic behaviors can find many justifications for communal species, including herd/flock animals and social insects. Assisting in the survival of the group will help one's fellows to survive; should that trait become established in the population it will foster a social structure that permits the survival of more members. Should multiple instances of a social-altruist trait become extant in the population, each instance should create a compounded likelihood of preserving itself. But that is the difficulty; getting multiple instances of that trait at the same time. In the long-run, the premise of advantage via co-survival appears supportable. But one must ask the question, if a wildebeast evolves with a strong instinct to protect others of its herd, that trait might not become extant in the population because such an organism would logically protect other members regardless of whether they share his altrusitic feelings; thereby a gene that triggers that behavior could also be beneficial to organisms which lack that gene. Which would seem to work against its own self-perpetuation. In large populations that lack altruism that outcome seems much more probable, that the lonely, good-samaritan organism must help his uncaring fellows, while at the same time still competing with them for food and mates. It may benefit the herd, but will be a detriment to that individual. It is easy then, to understand herd-animals that do not necessarily respond with any altrusitic tendencies that would put themselves at risk. Yes, swimming in a school makes it more difficult for a shark to focus on a single fish; but no member of that school will put itself at risk to try and coax a fellow out of a hazard, or confront a predator. When the lion approaches, all gazelles will run, although, if they were each to attack i n mass, it is probable they could kill a single lion; yet there would be no individual advantage for the gazelle that first manifests genes encouraging that trait. He would most likely become the one that was eaten before he could reproductively spread his valor to the rest of the population. What is needed then, in that case is a

There Are Black Essay Example for Free

There Are Black Essay The blacks are considered by the white society as worthless slaves who have no choice but to be a housemaid or slave. Racism has been a popular issue for many years, and has caused many blacks to suffer because of their outward appearance. Aibileen faces as a victim to racial comments in the movie â€Å"The Help† directed by Tate Taylor which took place in the 1960’s in Jackson, Mississippi. Aibileen is a maid. African American housemaid who has just experienced the loss of her son and has raised about 17 children as a maid. Blacks did not have the equal rights like the white society caused many to have education for money. This essay will show to a large extent the struggles Aibileen goes through, and through camera angles, dialogue, it will provide in detail why Tate Taylor used Aibileen to communicate to the viewers the problem of racism has on our society. Racism has caused blacks to differ from the white society. The impact of racism back in 1960s Jackson, Mississippi provides the struggle of an individual name Aibileen an African American house maid through a white society. Aibileen in scene one talks about how she lost her only son and was left laying dead in front of a white hospital. As a mother their responsibility is to protect and ensure the child’s safety is their first priority. Tate Taylor uses a point of view shot on the wall in scene one which sows the picture of her son and a frame of Jesus Christ to enable the viewers to see how severe the issue about racism can lead to. The blacks are treated unfairly and the white society takes advantage of the situation by ensuring blacks would be their maid to do their dirty work. In scene two you see a mid and long shot was used on Aibileen and Mae Mobley. It allows the viewers to see the foreshadow between scene one and scene two when she loses her son, and comforting the baby girl she looks after. Tate Taylor suggests by using a long shot on them shows the sense of loss Aibileen has experienced ascertain the idea of sympathy towards Aibileen. When problems become piled up one by one you start to realize the only way through it is standing up for yourself. In the get together party in scene three a few girls all had a reunion which we see Skeeter joining in. Hilly makes a racist remark on black people carrying diseases which Aibileen can clearly hear from a distance. A point of view shot was used from Skeeter to Aibileen to see her reaction towards Hilly’s comment. This camera angle was used clearly to express the disappointment on Aibileen’s face and how racism can hurt others mentally and emotionally. As the scene went on the maids are at first reluctant to talk to Skeeter because the result of them losing their jobs and violence can affect their families. Aibileen was first to tell her stories which foreshadowed their way out to starting a new life. By the end of the film when Skeeter books are finally Alvin. S published, Aibileen loses her job and walks off. Tate Taylor uses an establishing shot while Aibileen walks off to indicate to the viewers that while she is leaving she is also starting a new life. This angle was used effectively to deliberately allow the viewers to see that a fresh new start is what Aibileen really needs. Dialogue gives the viewers a vital idea of decisions made by Aibileen. Dialogue is crucial because it provides us with tension and suspense to what is going to happen. Aibileen from the beginning in scene one knew she would become a maid. She saws â€Å"my mama was a maid; my grandmamma was a house slave†. Back in 1960’s in Jackson, Mississippi the blacks ever want was fair treatment towards their society. Skeeter is used by Tate Taylor to provide the viewers the perspective of Aibileen as a black house maid. For many, blacks are afraid to stand up for what they believe in but Aibileen says to Hilly â€Å"All you do scare and lie to dry and get what you want: Hilly is used by the director to be the antagonist of the film and this quote by Aibileen shows the tension and anger that was bottled up inside Aibileen. â€Å"I aint never had no white person in my house† shows the contrast between both the white and the black society. Dialogue is very crucial for communication which allows the viewers to understand and critically know the situation in the film â€Å"The Help†. At the last scene of the film Hilly persuades Elizabeth to fire Aibileen as her housemaid. The quotes â€Å"My boy Trelaw said we gonna have a writer in the family on day, I guess it’s gonna be me† This establishes the struggles of Aibileen and portrays the idea that maybe one day she could retell the painful she experience she encountered as a housemaid. Dialogues show many views and angles and establish conflict and tension to effectively show a critical issue between Aibileen and the white society that surrounds her. In conclusion: Racism is an issue that still happens to this very day and is something most people all have witnessed. Like the Film â€Å"The Help† racism has a big influence on people in our society we live in today and through dialogue and camera techniques, Tate Taylor uses it effectively to help communicate the struggles of Aibileen as an individual but with support and faith she overcomes the obstacles that society throws at her.

Eminem and Urban Nightmare :: essays research papers

Alex Radovanovic uses some very successful persuasive writing in his article Eminem: an urban nightmare. He represents his views vividly with acute detail of his point of view on the issues. His main contention in the article is that Eminem the more he is ignored will not go away and the issues of violence, racism and sexism will fester in the minds of our youths. Alex’s opinion of Eminem songs and lyrics are as he refers to ‘make me uncomfortable – some of them are downright repulsive†. This use of strong persuasive language portrays to the reader that he thinks Eminem is not someone to be admired and that his lyrics are not peaceful but despicable and unacceptable. Examining the phrase â€Å"downright repulsive†, you really understand the intent of his words to make the reader see through Eminem as just a Rapper to the hate filled mind of a disturbed person. He obviously does not like Eminem or appreciate his music for any purposes. Eminem’s singing as Alex describes as a â€Å"schizophrenic rant† relates to Eminems own confusion with his personality. I think Radovanovic is trying to persuade the reader that Eminems singing is away of portraying his deeper emotions about his upbringing and life. It also elaborates into the use of his offensive swearing and obscene language about the discrimination of homosexuals and women. Analysing the phrase â€Å"A lot of kids are being bombarded by a plethora of conflicting messages†, you come to understand the ingeniousness of the writer’s ability to captivate the reader in imagining kids being swamped with numerous messages. It is a very good piece of persuasive writing because it influences the audience to believe something must be done right away and educate

Presupposition in Semantics Essay

IntroductionPresupposition is originated in the field of philosophy and it was proposed by German philosopher Ferge in 1892. In the 1960s, presupposition entered the area of linguistics and became a significant concept in semantics. Later in the 1970s, Keenan introduced presupposition to the pragmatics to describe a relation between a speaker and the appropriateness of a sentence in a context (Levinson: 177). Hence, presupposition can be distinguished into two categories: semantic presupposition and pragmatic presupposition. This thesis is mainly centered on the exploration of presupposition in semantics from the perspectives of features and problems of presupposition. For the sake of searching for the solutions to the problems, the writer also brings two pragmatic theories of presupposition into discussion. Part I. Two Approaches to PresuppositionIn the linguistics, two approaches to presupposition are semantic and pragmatic. Semantic presupposition views the sentence relations in terms of truth relations while pragmatic presupposition describes sentences as an interaction between individuals. A.Semantic PresuppositionIn ordinary language, of course, to presuppose something means to assume it, and the narrower technical use in semantics is related to this (Saeed: 93). In semantics, the meaning of a sentence is based on the sentence itself instead of something constructed by the participants. The semantic presupposition is only concerned about the truth value of the statements. For instance,a)John managed to stop in time. b)John tried to stop in time. (Suo: 130)In the example, sentence a) presupposes sentence b), that is to say, if it is true that John managed to stop in time, it must be true that John tried to stop in time. Meanwhile, if this proposition is false, the presupposition that John tried to stop in time still exists. However, only the truth of sentence b) doesn’t tell anything concerning the result whether he stopped in time or not. Based on the analysis, we can draw a truth table for this presupposition:a bT → TF → TT or F ↠ TThis table is an overt description of the truth relations between sentence a) and b). If sentence a) is true, then its presupposition b) is also true. If sentence a) is false, then the truth of b) still survives.  While if sentence b) is true, sentence a) can be either true or false. The interpretation of presupposition in semantics is on the basis of truth relations. B.Pragmatic PresuppositionCompared with semantic presupposition- a truth-relation approach, pragmatic presupposition is an interactional approach in interpreting the sentence relations. Stalnaker argues that presupposition is essentially a pragmatic phenomenon: part of the set of assumptions is made by participants in a conversation, which he terms the common ground (Saeed: 101). This common ground is the mutual knowledge shared by both speaker and hearer. For example, â€Å"I am afraid my car broke down.† The presupposition of this utterance is that the speaker has a car, which is known to the hearer. However, if the hearer originally doesn’t know the fact, on hearing the utterance, s/he can take it as a common ground for a further conversation. By virtue of context, appropriate presupposition will help the hearer understand the utterance of the speaker. During the conversation, both speaker and hearer are doing the turn-taking and they can depend on the former utterances to conduct a smooth communication. By comparison of semantic presupposition and pragmatic presupposition, we can gain a better understanding of this notion applied in the linguistics. However, the focus of this thesis is on the presupposition in the semantics. Thus, the following parts will be concentrated on the semantic presupposition. Part II. Features of Semantic PresuppositionIn semantics, presupposition possesses unique features: being different from entailment, presupposition is stable under negation. It is produced not only by the definite description, but also by presupposition triggers. A.StabilitySemantic presupposition relies on the meaning of words and grammatical structures to describe the truth relations between sentences and these aspects don’t vary too much from context to context. Hence,  presupposition is relatively stable and it remains constant under negation of the main sentence. This feature of semantic presupposition makes a distinction between entailment and presupposition. For example,a)I borrowed my friend’s bike today. b)I borrowed something today. If sentence a) is true, it guarantees the truth of sentence b), to be more specific, a) entails b). However, if we negate a) to form a’) then it no longer entails b), repeated as follows:a’) I didn’t borrow my friend’s bike today. b’) I borrowed something today. If it is false that I borrowed my friend’s bike today, it can not tell whether I borrowed something today or not. It might be true that I borrowed something instead of my friend’s bike, but we just don’t know. In contrast, the presupposing sentence is constant even under negation, for instance, c)My sister got married last year. d)I have a sister. The pre-condition of sentence c) is d), if c) is true then d) must be taken as a fact. In other words, sentence c) has the presupposition in d) and the truth of c) makes sure the truth of d) as well. If negating c) as â€Å"My sister didn’t get married last year.† The presupposition that â€Å"I have a sister† also survives. This is the difference between entailment and presupposition, namely, the negation of an entailing sentence leads to the failure of the entailment while negating a presupposing sentence allows the presupposition to survive. B.Presupposition TriggersOn the one hand, the existence of presupposition can derive from the use of a name or definite description. On the other hand, it  can be produced by particular words or sentence constructions, which are called presupposition triggers. Karttunen has collected thirty-one kinds of triggers but in the following section the writer will mainly focus on four types of these triggers: factive verbs, change of state verbs, temporal clauses and cleft sentences. To begin with, verbs like â€Å"regret,† â€Å"deplore,† â€Å"know† and â€Å"agree† are under the category of factive verbs, for they presuppose the truth of the complement clause. For instance,a)Martha regrets/ doesn’t regret drinking John’s home brew. b)Martha drank John’s home brew. (Suo: 131)Whether Martha regrets drinking John’s home brew or not, it is a known fact that Martha drank John’s home brew. The sentence a) has the presupposition in b). By contrast, no such presupposition exists with the non-factive verb like â€Å"think.† For example,c)Tom thought that John was late. d)John was late. Sentence c) indicates that it is only Tom’ personal opinion of John’s being late. Actually, John might not be late and the truth doesn’t reveal from the sentence itself. Therefore, sentence c) doesn’t have the presupposition in d) due to the non-factive verb â€Å"think.†Secondly, the employments of verbs like â€Å"stop,† â€Å"start,† â€Å"begin† and â€Å"finish† imply the change of state. Hence, these lexical triggers are regarded as change of state verbs, which describe the new state and presuppose the former state as well. For instance,a)John stopped/ didn’t stop beating his wife. b)John had been beating his wife. (Suo: 131)The verb â€Å"stop† means making something end and here if John stopped beating his wife, which means that he makes the action of beating his wife end. But if he didn’t stop, the occasion of beating will continue to happen in the future. No matter what the situation is, sentence a) presupposes the fact b) that John had been beating his wife as the former state. What’s more, not only the lexical words trigger the presupposition, but also clauses like temporal clauses may produce presupposition. For example,a)Linda went to the supermarket before she met her friends. b)Linda met her friends. The temporal clause marked by the conjunction â€Å"before† shows that Linda went to the supermarket first and then went to meet her friends. In effect, sentence a) states the fact that Linda really met her friends. It is this temporal clause that ensures the truth of sentence b) and also triggers the presupposition in b). Last but not least, syntactic structure such as cleft sentence can also act as a trigger for the production of certain types of presupposition. For example,a)It was the noise that annoyed me. b)What annoyed me was the noise. c)Something annoyed me. In the example, the cleft construction in a) and the pseudo-cleft in b) share the presupposition in c). No matter how the sentence structure changes, the essence of the sentence remains unchanged. What sentence a) and b) intend to stress is that there is something annoyed me. By means of the features like stability and presupposition triggers, the real intention of the utterances can be investigated. If the speaker changes the predicate â€Å"has† to â€Å"hasn’t,† or â€Å"does† to â€Å"doesn’t,† the presupposition for the utterance is the same, for presupposition is of stability. Presupposition triggers can be used as a tool to present the essence of the sentence, no matter what lexical words and constructions are applied. Part III. Problems of Semantic PresuppositionIn semantics, this truth-based approach gives rise to problems for the presupposition, such as, presupposition failure, the defeasibility of presupposition and the  projection problem. A.Presupposition FailureOn the basis of truth condition, it has been taken for granted that a name or definite description being used refers to the existent entity in the field of semantics. However, if the named or described entity doesn’t exist, it causes problem for this truth-relation approach, which is known as presupposition failure. The following example is by now the most discussed one in this literature:a)The King of France is bald. b)There is a King of France. (Saeed: 96)According to the criterion of truth relation, no doubt sentence a) presupposes sentence b), if it is true that there is a King of France. But if there is no King of France, that is to say, the sentence b) is false, the problem is aroused, for it is uncertain whether this presupposition survives or not. Are the sentences like a) true or false, or just in a gray area, neither true nor false? This dubious situation for truth-based approach results in the truth value gap. For such a problem, Russell offers a famous solution to make an analysis of this definite description as three expressions as follows:The King of France is bald is true if and only if:a)at least one thing is the kingb)at most one thing is the kingc)whatever is the king is bald. (Saeed: 97)From the Russell’s analysis, we know that if there is no King of France, it leads to the falsity of this proposition that the King of France is bald. Thus, there is no gray area between true or false, no truth value gap. However, it seems to be too complex to employ these preconditions for the explanation of one name and it may cost great efforts to analyze the preconditions whenever meet with such kind of statements. In comparison with truth relation approach, it may be less problematic for an interactional approach. During the communication between the individuals, whenever an unfamiliar name or definite description occurs, the hearer can interrupt the speaker so as to signal the failure of the conversation. For instance, the speaker says to someone, â€Å"Mr. Hong will invite us to dinner next Friday.† If the hearer doesn’t know Mr. Hong, it may cause confusion. As the conversation continues, the hearer can ask the speaker who Mr. Hong  is. As for the speaker, s/he can take an immediate response to clear up the misunderstanding. The presupposition failure in semantics results from the narrow question of the truth value of statements about non-existent entities, while in pragmatics, the attention is paid to the more general question of what conventions license a speaker’s referring use of name or definite description. B.DefeasibilityOne of the peculiar things about presupposition is that it is sensitive to context, either immediate linguistic context or the less immediate discourse context, or in circumstances where contrary assumptions are made. In particular context, the presupposition is cancelled and this phenomenon is known as defeasibility. Two factors result in presupposition cancellation: one is the linguistic context and the other one is background assumption about the world. One kind of presupposition defeasibility arises in certain types of linguistic context. For example,You say that someone in this room loves Mary. Well maybe so. But it certainly isn’t Fred who loves Mary. And it certainly isn’t John . . . (We continue in this way until we have enumerated all the people in the room). Therefore no one in this room loves Mary. (Suo: 135)In the example, each of the cleft sentences (it certainly isn’t Fred, etc.) are supposed to presuppose that there is someone in this room who loves Mary, for presupposition is constant under negation. However, the speaker intends to persuade the hearer that there is no one in this room who loves Mary by ruling out the possibilities. Therefore, the presupposition that someone in this room loves Mary is defeated in this counterfactual assumption. Here is another example of the same kind:a)John didn’t manage to pass his exams. b)John tried to pass his exams. c)John didn’t manage to pass his exams. In fact he didn’t even try. Sentence a) has the presupposition in b), but if put a) into such a statement as c), the prior presupposition is abandoned. Without knowing the real fact, if someone makes the utterance that John didn’t manage to pass his exams, it may leave the hearer an impression that at least once he tried to pass his exams. On hearing the fact the hearer will know John’s failure for the exams is due to his lack of efforts in his study. Thus, the presupposition can be cancelled within certain contexts. The other kind of presupposition defeasibility is caused by our general knowledge of the world. For instance,a)She cried before she finished her thesis. b)She finished her thesis. (Saeed: 187)As mentioned above, the temporal clause functions as a trigger for the presupposition. Sentence a) with before-clause presupposes that indeed she finished her thesis. However, if the verb in the main clause is changed to â€Å"die,† the situation will be totally different. For instance,c)She died before she finished her thesis. d)She finished her thesis. (Saeed: 187)Since her death preceded the event of finishing her thesis, it is certain that she never finished the thesis. It is common sense that people do not conduct things after they die. Even if sentence c) is expressed with before-clause, it doesn’t have the presupposition in d). As a result of background belief in the real world, the previous presupposition that she finished her thesis is blocked in this context. C.Projection ProblemLangendoen and Savin suggest that the set of presuppositions of the complex whole is the simple sum of the presuppositions of the parts, i.e. if S0 is a complex sentence containing sentences S1, S2, . . . Sn as constituents, then the presuppositions of S0 = the presuppositions of S1 + the presuppositions of S2 . . . + the presuppositions of Sn (Levinson: 191). For example,S0: John stopped accusing Mary of beating her husband. S1: John accused Mary of beating her husband. S1†²: John judged that it was bad for Mary to beat her husband. S2: John stopped doing it. S2†²: Before time T, John did it. (Suo: 136)In the example, sentence S0 is the complex sentence including two parts S1 and S2, to be more specific, from the statement that John stopped accusing Mary of beating her husband, two meanings can be interpreted: one is that John accused Mary of beating her husband and the other one is that John stopped doing it. The presupposition of S1 is S1†², namely, S1 presupposes that John judged that it was bad for Mary to beat her husband. While S2 has the presupposition in S2†², that is to say, S2 presupposes that before time T, John did it. Thus, the presuppositions of S0 are the presupposition of S1 plus the presupposition of S2. As a matter of fact, this simple solution to the presuppositions of complex sentences is far from correct and it turns out to be impossible to take it as a formula. By using this solution, it is difficult to predict exactly which presuppositions of the parts survive in the whole presupposition of the complex sentences. This compositional problem is called the projection problem for the presuppositions. The projection problem in the presuppositions has two aspects: on the one hand, presuppositions remain in the linguistic context while entailments disappear. On the other hand, presuppositions are cancelled in certain contexts where entailments survive. The first aspect of the projection problem is the survival of presuppositions and cancellation of entailments in the same context. As mentioned above, negation is a typical example for the distinction between presupposition and entailment, for presupposition is stable under negation while entailment isn’t. However, there are other situations in which presupposition remains  and entailment disappears. For instance,a)Mr. Brown bought four books. b)There is a Mr. Brown. c)Mr. Brown bought three books. d)It is possible that Mr. Brown bought four books. e)Mr. Brown could have bought four books. In this example, sentence a) presupposes sentence b) and entails sentence c). If it is true that Mr. Brown bought four books, the precondition for this proposition that there is a Mr. Brown must also be true. And if he already bought four books, he is supposed to have bought three books. However, when the modal operators or modal verbs are embedded in the original statement, the entailment of a) disappears while the presupposition b) still exists. Because modal operators like â€Å"possible,† â€Å"probable† and modal verbs like â€Å"could,† â€Å"should† are considered to be a kind of conjecture. The employments of them reveal speaker’s uncertainty about his utterances. Another situation of the same kind is the compound sentences formed by the connectives â€Å"and,† â€Å"or,† â€Å"if . . . then† and what not. For instance,a)The two students handed in the homework late again this Monday. b)A student handed in the homework late this Monday. c)The two students handed in the homework late before. d)If the two students handed in the homework late again this Monday, their teacher will get angry. The adverb â€Å"again† applied in the sentence a) presupposes that the two students handed in the homework late before. If two students handed in the homework late, it must entail that one of them handed in the homework late. Thus, sentence a) presupposes c) and also entails b). However, if sentence  a) is embedded in a complex sentence like d), the utterance a) can only be regarded as an assumption in the complex whole. Hence, the former entailment is abandoned in the new compound sentence but the presupposition that they did before still survives. The other aspect of the projection problem is that presupposition is blocked while entailment still exists in certain contexts. If the predicates of the utterances are the verbs of propositional attitude such as â€Å"want,† â€Å"believe,† â€Å"imagine,† â€Å"dream† and the like, the blocking of presupposition appears to take place. For instance,a)Tom believes he’s the president of America. b)There is a present president of America. In this example, sentence a) entails that Tom believes something, but it doesn’t have the presupposition that there is a present president of America. The verb like â€Å"believe† is only a non-factive verb, which doesn’t ensure the truth of its complement. Moreover, the employment of it will leave the hearer an impression that what the speaker says is just a personal opinion. Thus, the presupposition is blocked because of the verb â€Å"believe.†Another example is given as follows:a)I dreamed that I was a German and that I regretted being a German. b)I was a German. In the sentence a), the speaker doesn’t shoulder the responsibility of uttering it by employing the verb â€Å"dream.† The application of â€Å"dream† indicates that this utterance can not be taken seriously as a fact. However, sentence a) still entails that â€Å"I dreamed something,† but doesn’t presuppose that â€Å"I was a German.† In such a situation, the complex sentences with certain verbs of propositional attitude block their presuppositions but maintain the entailments. By means of analyzing the problems of presupposition in the field of semantics, we can draw a conclusion that this truth relation approach is far  from adequate to describe the relationships between presupposing and presupposed sentences. Admittedly, the issue of presupposition is not only being discussed in semantics but also in the pragmatics. Part IV. Pragmatic Theories of PresuppositionAs for pragmatic presupposition, various theories have been put forward by linguists such as Stalnaker, Gazdar and what not. Among these theories, two of them are the most developed theories that deal with the defeasibility and the projection problems. Both theories assume that presuppositions are part of the conventional meaning of expressions, instead of semantic inference. The first theory has been developed by Karttunen and Peters, which is expressed in the framework of Montague grammar. In the Montague grammar, clauses are built up from their constituents from the bottom up rather than from the top down as in transformational generative grammar (Levinson: 207). The basic idea in this theory is that sentences are built up from their components and the meanings conveyed in these sentences are subject to the words, clauses and so on, but in the presuppositions, meanings are associated with these triggers. According to Karttunen and Peters’ theory, presuppositions are actually non-cancellable. The meaning expressions that capture the presuppositional content of each presupposition-triggering item will be related with each constituent a heritage expression. If there is a predicate like propositional attitude verb, it will have a heritage expression that blocks the presuppositions ascending to be presupposition of the whole sentence. In such circumstances, presupposition isn’t in fact cancelled, but it is blocked during the process of derivation by the heritage expression. For example,a)Bush thinks that Kerry’s attitude about terrorism is dangerous. b)Kerry has an attitude about terrorism. The subordinate clause of sentence a) presupposes that Kerry has an attitude about terrorism. However, the verb â€Å"think† has the heritage expression which prevents this presupposition from being the presupposition of the whole. The other theory is proposed by Gazdar, in which presuppositions are actually cancelled. At the early stage of derivation, the presuppositions of any complex sentence will consist of all the potential presuppositions of the parts. Then a canceling mechanism will begin to work and it only selects these presuppositions which are consistent with all the propositions already in the context. In this theory, the generations of presuppositions adhere to a special order: first the entailments of what are said are added to the context, then the conversational implicatures, and only finally the presupposition (Levinson: 213). In each step, these presuppositions that contradict the former propositions will be eliminated through selection and only the ones being consistent with them will survive. For example,a)If there is a King of France, the King of France doesn’t any longer live in Versaills. b)The speaker knows that there exists a King of France. c)It is consistent with all the speaker knows that there is not a King of France. (Suo: 143)In the sentence a), the clause that â€Å"the King of France doesn’t any longer live in Versaills† has the potential presupposition in b). However, the conditional sentence a) entails that there is not a King of France. Based on the special order in Gazdar’s theory, this entailment enters into the context before the potential presupposition. Hence, this potential presupposition is cancelled without entering into the context. Although the two theories are opposing to each other, both of them offer an explanation for the defeasibility of presupposition and projection problem. However, even in the field of pragmatics, adequate solution to the presupposition is not obtained, which needs further developments. ConclusionIn the field of linguistics, we can probe into the presupposition from two perspectives, namely, semantic presupposition and pragmatic presupposition. This thesis mainly focuses on the interpretation of presupposition in semantics. The writer introduces the features of semantic presupposition like stability under negation and presupposition triggers and then makes an analysis of the problems aroused by this truth-based theory  such as presupposition failure, defeasibility and projection problem. To solve these problems, two theories concerning the pragmatic presupposition are discussed. Although both of them offer the explanations for the problems of presupposition, they are not considered to be adequate solutions. The further developments of presupposition rely on the complex interactions between semantics and pragmatics. References Levinson, Stephen C. Pragmtics. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Researching Press, 2005. Saeed, John I. Semantics. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Researching Press, 2005.